Bali

Glorious Bali Island

Besakih Temple (Mother Temple)

Bali the land of beautiful women

Bali A Volcanic Island

Bali received the Best Island award from Travel and Leisure in 2010. Bali won because of its attractive surroundings (both mountain and coastal areas), diverse tourist attractions, excellent international and local restaurants, and the friendliness of the local people. The Balinese culture and its religion are also considered the main factor of the award. One of the most prestigious events that symbolize a strong relationship between a god and its followers is Kecak dance. According to BBC Travel released in 2011, Bali is one of the World's Best Islands, ranking second after Santorini , Greece.

Bali, A Hindu Island

In 2006, Elizabeth Gilbert's memoir Eat pray, love was published, and in August 2010 it was adapted into the film Eat, pray and love. It took place at Ubud and Padang-Padang Beach in Bali. Both the book and the film fuelled a boom in tourism in Ubud, the hill town and cultural and tourist centre that was the focus of Gilbert's quest for balance and love through traditional spirituality and healing.

Sundaland (also called Sundaica or the Sundaic region) is a biogeographical region of South eastern Asia corresponding to a larger landmass that was exposed throughout the last 2.6 million years during periods when sea levels were lower. It includes Bali, Borneo, Java, and Sumatra in Indonesia, and their surrounding small islands, as well as the Malay Peninsula Malay on the Asian mainland.

Island of Gods . Nickname : Pulau Dewata Country Indonesia

The Sahul shelf and Sunda shelf today. The area in between called Wallacea

Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly Hindu culture, beginning around the 1st century AD. The name Bali dwipa ("Bali island") has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD and mentioning Walidwipa. It was during this time that the people developed their complex irrigation system Subak to grow rice in wet rice cultivation. Some religious and cultural traditions still practised today can be traced to this period.

Indonesia's hot and wet monsoon climate.

Bali ( Balinese :ᬩᬮᬶ) is a Province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands . East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller offshore islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nusa Ceningan to the southeast. The provincial capital, Denpasar is the most populous city in the Lesser Sunda Islands and the second-largest, after Makassar, in Eastern Indonesia . The upland town of Ubud in Greater Denpasar is considered Bali's cultural centre. The province is Indonesia's main tourist destination, with a significant rise in tourism since the 1980s.-related business makes up 80% of its economy.

An exotic tropical destination that flaunts scenic beaches and mountains, Bali is deep-rooted in culture and tradition, which adds to the charm of this scenic island.

Provinces of Indonesia are the 38 administrative divisions of Indonesia and the highest tier of the local government

Bali is the only Hindu majority province in Indonesia, with 86.9% of the population adhering to Balinese Hinduism. It is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music.

Bali is part of the Coral Triangle , the area with the highest biodiversity of marine species, especially fish and turtles. In this area alone, over 500 reef-building coral species can be found. For comparison, this is about seven times as many as in the entire Caribbean Bali is the home of the Subak Irrigation system a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Rice is seen as the gift of god, and the subak system is part of temple culture. It is also home to a unified confederation of kingdoms composed of 10 traditional royal Balinese houses, each house ruling a specific geographic area. The confederation is the successor of the Bali Kingdom. The royal houses are not recognised by the government of Indonesia; however, they originated before colonisation.

Museum : In 1981, the Subak Museum opened in Tabanan Regency.

Three small islands lie to the immediate south-east and all are administratively part of the Klungkung regency of Bali: Nusa Penida,Nusa Lembongan, and Nusa Ceningan and. These islands are separated from Bali by the Badung Strait.
To the east, the Lombok Strait separates Bali from Lombok and marks the Biographical division between the fauna of the Indomalayan realm and the distinctly different fauna of Australasia . The transition is known as the Wallace Line, named after Alfred Russel Wallace, who first proposed a transition zone between these two major biomes . When sea levels dropped during the Pleistocene ice age , Bali was connected to Java and Sumatra and to the mainland of Asia and shared the Asian fauna, but the deep water of the Lombok Strait continued to keep Lombok Island and the Lesser Sunda archipelago isolated.

Capital and the largest city : Denpasar

A puja ceremony at Baisakh Temple

Pura Baisakh

Administrative Divisions

The province is divided into eight regencies (kabupaten) and one city (kota). These are, with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022 and the Human Development Index for each regency and city.

Name	Capital	Area in km²	Population 2000 Census	Population 2010 Census	Population 2020 Census	Population mid 2022 estimate	HDI^[63] 2019 estimate
Badung Regency	Mangupura	418.62	345,863	543,332	548,191	549,500	0.802 (Very High)
Bangli Regency	Bangli	490.71	193,776	215,353	258,721	267,100	0.689 (Medium)
Buleleng Regency	Singaraja	1,364.73	558,181	624,125	791,813	825,100	0.715 (High)
Denpasar City	Denpasar	127.78	532,440	788,589	725,314	726,800	0.830 (Very High)
Gianyar Regency	Gianyar	368.00	393,155	469,777	515,344	524,000	0.760 (High)
Jembrana Regency	Negara	841.80	231,806	261,638	317,064	327,900	0.712 (High)
Karangasem Regency	Amlapura	839.54	360,486	396,487	492,402	511,300	0.676 (Medium)
Klungkung Regency	Semarapura	315.00	155,262	170,543	206,925	214,000	0.703 (High)
Tabanan Regency	Tabanan	1,013.88	376,030	420,913	461,630	469,300	0.748 (High)
Totals

History

In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, the Pasupata, Bhairawa, Siwa Sidhanta, Vaishnava, Bodha, Brahma, Resi, Sora and Ganapatya. Each sect revered a specific deity as its personal Godhead.

Inscriptions from 896 and 911 do not mention a king, until 914, when Sri Kesarivarma is mentioned. They also reveal an independent Bali, with a distinct dialect, where Buddhism and Shaivism were practised simultaneously. Mpu Sindok's great-granddaughter, Mahendradatta (Gunapriyadharmapatni), married the Bali king Udayana Warmadewa (Dharmodayanavarmadeva) around 989, giving birth to Airlangga around 1001. This marriage also brought more Hinduism and Javanese culture to Bali. Princess Sakalendukirana appeared in 1098. Suradhipa reigned from 1115 to 1119, and Jayasakti from 1146 until 1150. Jayapangus appears on inscriptions between 1178 and 1181, while Adikuntiketana and his son Paramesvara in 1204.

Flora & Fauna

Tamarind Trees

Orangutan

Orangutan or great apes are native to Indonesia

The name "orangutan" (also written orang-utan, orang utan, orangutang, and ourang-outang is derived from the Malay words orang, meaning "person", and hutan, meaning "forest". The locals originally used the name to refer to actual forest-dwelling human beings, but the word underwent a semantic extension to include apes of the Pongo genus at an early stage in the history of Malay.

Flanged male Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli Orangutans

The most arborea of the great apes, orangutans spend most of their time in trees. They have proportionally long arms and short legs, and have reddish-brown hair covering their bodies. Adult males weigh about 75 kg (165 lb), while females reach about 37 kg (82 lb). Dominant adult males develop distinctive cheek pads or flanges and make long calls that attract females and intimidate rivals; younger subordinate males do not and more resemble adult females. Orangutans are the most solitary of the great apes: social bonds occur primarily between mothers and their dependent offspring. Fruit is the most important component of an orangutan's diet; but they will also eat vegetation, bark, honey, insects and bird eggs. They can live over 30 years, both in the wild and in captivity.

Orangutans are among the most intelligent primates. They use a variety of sophisticated tools and construct elaborate sleeping nests each night from branches and foliage. The apes' learning abilities have been studied extensively. There may be distinctive cultures within populations. Orangutans have been featured in literature and art since at least the 18th century, particularly in works that comment on human society. Field studies of the apes were pioneered by primatologist Birute Galdikas and they have been kept in captive facilities around the world since at least the early 19th century.

All three orangutan species are considered critically endangered. Human activities have caused severe declines in populations and ranges. Threats to wild orangutan populations include poaching (for bushmeat and retaliation for consuming crops), habitat destruction and deforestation (for palm oil cultivation and logging), and the illegal pet trade. Several conservation and rehabilitation organisations are dedicated to the survival of orangutans in the wild.

Tapir

Tapitdae

Tapirs are large, herbivorous mammals belonging to the family Tapiridae. They are similar in shape to a pig , with a short, prehensile nose trunk. Tapirs inhabit jungle and forest regions of South and Central America, with one species inhabiting Southeast Asia . They are one of three extant branches of Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates), alongside equinus and rhinoceroses. Only a single genus Tapirus genus, is currently extant. Tapirs migrated into South America during the Pleistocene epoch from North America after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama as part of the Great American Interchange. Tapirs were formerly present across North America, but became extinct in the region at the end of the Lata Pleistocene, around 12,000 years ago.

Size varies between types, but most tapirs are about 2 m (61⁄2 ft) long, stand about 1 m (31⁄4 ft) high at the shoulder, and weigh between 150 and 300 kg (330 and 660 lb). Their coats are short and range in colour from reddish brown, to grey, to nearly black, with the notable exceptions of the Malayan tapir, which has a white, saddle-shaped marking on its back, and the mountain tapir, which has longer, woolly fur. All tapirs have oval, white-tipped ears, rounded, protruding rumps with stubby tails, and splayed, hooved toes, with four toes on the front feet and three on the hind feet, which help them to walk on muddy and soft ground. Baby tapirs of all types have striped-and-spotted coats for camouflage . Females have a single pair of mammary glands, and males have long penises relative to their body size.

Tapir showing Flehmen response

The proboscis of the tapir is a highly flexible organ, able to move in all directions, allowing the animals to grab foliage that would otherwise be out of reach. Tapirs often exhibit the flehmen response, a posture in which they raise their snouts and show their teeth to detect scents. This response is frequently exhibited by bulls sniffing for signs of other males or females in oestrus in the area. The length of the proboscis varies among species; Malayan tapirs have the longest snouts and Brazilian tapirs have the shortest. The evolution of tapir proboscis, made up almost entirely of soft tissues rather than bony internal structures, gives the Tapiridae skull a unique form in comparison to other perissodactyls, with a larger sagittal crest, orbits positioned more rostrally, a posteriorly telescoped cranium , and a more elongated and retracted nasoincisive incisure.

Tapirs have brown eyes, often with a bluish cast to them, which has been identified as corneal cloudiness, a condition most commonly found in Malayan tapirs. The exact etiology is unknown, but the cloudiness may be caused by excessive exposure to light or by trauma. However, the tapir's sensitive ears and strong sense of smell help to compensate for deficiencies in vision.

Tapirs have simple stomachs and are hindgut fermenters that ferment digested food in a large

Although they frequently live in dryland forests, tapirs with access to rivers spend a good deal of time in and under water, feeding on soft vegetation, taking refuge from predators, and cooling off during hot periods. Tapirs near a water source will swim, sink to the bottom, and walk along the riverbed to feed, and have been known to submerge themselves to allow small fish to pick parasites off their bulky bodies. Along with freshwater lounging, tapirs often wallow in mud pits, which helps to keep them cool and free of insects.

In the wild, the tapir's diet consists of fruit, berries, and leaves, particularly young, tender vegetation. Tapirs will spend many of their waking hours foraging along well-worn trails, snouts to the ground in search of food. Baird's tapirs have been observed to eat around 40 kg (85 lb) of vegetation in one day.

Tapirs are largely nocturnal and crepuscular, although the smaller mountain tapir of the Andes is generally more active during the day than its congeners. They have monocular vision.

Copulation may occur in or out of water. In captivity, mating pairs will often copulate several times during oestrus. Intromission lasts between 10 and 20 minutes.

Indonesia has the fourth-largest population of Hindus in the world.

^{Cliff of Uluwatu
The Dutch mounted large naval and ground assaults at the sanur region in 1906 and were met by the thousands of members of the royal family and their followers who rather than yield to the superior Dutch force committed ritual suicide (Puputan) to avoid the humiliation of surrender. Despite Dutch demands for surrender, an estimated 200 Balinese killed themselves rather than surrender. In the Dutch intervention in Bali, a similar mass suicide occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in Klungkung. Afterwards, the Dutch governours exercised administrative control over the island, but local control over religion and culture generally remained intact. Dutch rule over Bali came later and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and Maluku.
In the 1930s, anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, artists Miguel Covarrubais and Walter Spies, and musicologist Colin McPhee all spent time here. Their accounts of the island and its peoples created a western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of Aesthetes at peace with themselves and nature". Western tourists began to visit the island. The sensuous image of Bali was enhanced in the West by a quasi-pornographic 1932 documentary Virgins of Bali about a day in the lives of two teenage Balinese girls whom the film's narrator Deane Dickason notes in the first scene "bathe their shamelessly nude bronze bodies". Under the looser version of the Hay code that existed up to 1934, nudity involving "civilised" (i.e. white) women was banned, but permitted with "uncivilised" (i.e. all non-white women), a loophole that was exploited by the producers of Virgins of Bali^: The film, which mostly consisted of scenes of topless Balinese women was a great success in 1932, and almost single-handedly made Bali into a popular spot for tourists.}

Puputan monument in Denpasar

Klungkung Regency/ Palace in downtown areas

Seen at the sunset Mount Agung at the back ground

Imperial Japan occupied Bali during World War II. It was not originally a target in their Netherlands East Indies Campaign, but as the airfields on Borneo were inoperative due to heavy rains, the Imperial Japanese Army decided to occupy Bali, which did not suffer from comparable weather. The island had no regular Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) troops. There was only a Native Auxiliary Corps Prajoda (Korps Prajoda) consisting of about 600 native soldiers and several Dutch KNIL officers under the command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Roodenburg. On 19 February 1942, the Japanese forces landed near the town of Sanoer (Sanur). The island was quickly captured.

During the Japanese occupation, a Balinese military officer, 1 Gusti Ngurah Rai, formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. The harshness of Japanese occupation forces made them more resented than the Dutch colonial rulers.

Virgins of Bali Documentary. The film, which mostly consisted of scenes of topless Balinese women was a great success in 1932, and almost single-handedly made Bali into a popular spot for tourists.

Independence from the Dutch

In 1945, Bali was liberated by the British 5th Infantry Division under the command of Major-General Robert Mansergh who took the Japanese surrender. Once Japanese forces had been repatriated the island was handed over to the Dutch the following year.

In 1946, the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the newly proclaimed State of East Indonesia, a rival state to the Republic of Indonesia, which was proclaimed and headed by Sukarno and Hatta. Bali was included in the "Republic of united States of Indonesia " when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December 1949. The first governor of Bali, Anak Agung Bagus Suteja was appointed by President Sukarno in 1958, when Bali became a province.

Wonderful Nusa Penida

Contemporary

Bali Bomb Monument

After the first Bali Bombing in 2002 at Kuta, which killed 202 people including 88 Australians a permanent memorial was built on the site of the destroyed Paddy's Pub on Legian Street. (A new bar, named "Paddy's: Reloaded", was reopened further along Legian Street.) The memorial is made of intricately carved stone, set with a large marble plaque, which bears the names and nationalities of each of those killed. It is flanked by the national flags of the victims. The monument is well-maintained and illuminated at night.

The memorial was dedicated on 12 October 2004, the second anniversary of the attack. The dedication included a Balinese Hindu ceremony and the opportunity for mourners to lay flowers and other offerings. The Australian ambassador and Indonesian officials attended the ceremony as most of the victims were Australians.

The 1963 eruption of Mount Agung killed thousands, created economic havoc, and forced many displaced Balinese to be transmigrated to other parts of Indonesia. Mirroring the widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict between supporters of the traditional Caste system, and those rejecting this system. Politically, the opposition was represented by supporters of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling further increased by the PKI's land reform programmes A purported coup attempt, in Jakarta was averted by forces led by General Suharto.

Gunung Agung An active volcano in Bali Indonesia south east of Batur Volcano also in Bali. It is the highest point in Bali.

Mount Agung Indonesian (: Gunung Agung; Balinese : ᬕᬸᬦᬸᬂᬅᬕᬸᬂ) is an active volcano in Bali. Indonesia, southeast of Mount Batur volcano, also in Bali. It is the highest point on Bali, and dominates the surrounding area, influencing the climate, especially rainfall patterns. From a distance, the mountain appears to be perfectly conical. From the peak of the mountain, it is possible to see the peak of Mount Rinjani on the nearby island of Lombok, to the east, although both mountains are frequently covered in clouds. Agung is a stratovolcano, with a large and deep crater. Its most recent eruptions occurred from 2017- 2019 .

Religious Belief

Balinese people believe that Mt Agung is a replica of Mt Meru , the central axis of the universe. The most important temple on Bali, Pura Besakih, is high on the slopes of Gunung Agung. In 2023, a Russian man was arrested after a photo of himself naked on the top of Mt Agung went viral. The man was arrested and is in the process of being deported from the island and banned from re-entering Indonesian territory for a minimum of 6 months.

Monuments Pancasila Sakti. 1st October 1965

Victims found in Lubang Buaya . From left to right: General Ahmad Yani , Brigadier General D.I Pandjaitan, Major General R . Suprapto,, Brigadier General Sutoyo Siswomiharjo, Major General M.T Haryono , Major General S. Parman,, First Lieutenant Pierre Tendean..

Result Coup the attempt failed .

Outbreak of anti-communist purge in Indonesia (Indonesians mass killings of 1965-66).
Suharto begins to rise to power
PKI and "Communism/Marxism-Leninism" simultaneously banned in a 1966 MPRS session

Eruption of Mount Agung in 2017-2019

The army became the dominant power as it instigated a violent anti-communist purge, in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's population. With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords led the extermination of PKI members.

As a result of the 1965–66 upheavals, Suharto was able to manoeuvre Sukarno out of the presidency. His "New Order" government re-established relations with Western countries. The pre-War Bali as "paradise" was revived in a modern form. The resulting large growth in tourism has led to a dramatic increase in Balinese standards of living and significant foreign exchange earned for the country.A bombing in 2002 by militant Islamists, in the tourist area of Kuta killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and another in 2005, severely reduced tourism, producing much economic hardship on the island.

On 27 November 2017, Mount Agung erupted five times, causing an evacuation of thousands, disrupting air travel and environmental damage. Further eruptions also occurred between 2018 and 2019.

Geography

Mount Agung is the highest point of Bali

Coral Reef Island / Blue Starfish

A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in groups.
Coral belongs to the class Anthozoa in the animal phylum Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones and jellyfish. Unlike sea anemones, corals secrete hard carbonate exoskeletons that support and protect the coral. Most reefs grow best in warm, shallow, clear, sunny and agitated water.

Coral reefs first appeared 485 million years ago, Coral reefs have declined by 50% since 1950, partly because they are sensitive to water conditions. They are under threat from excess nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), rising ocean heat content and acidification, overfishing (e.g., from blast fishing, cyanide fishing, spearfishing on scuba), sunscreen use, and harmful land-use practices, including runoff and seeps (e.g., from injection wells and cesspools).

Coral reefs deliver ecosystem services for tourism, fisheries and shoreline protection. The annual global economic value of coral reefs has been estimated at anywhere from US$30–375 billion (1997 and 2003 estimates) to US$2.7 trillion (a 2020 estimate) to US$9.9 trillion (a 2014 estimate).

Sampan Boats / Small Flatbed Boats

Single sculling / Sculler ready to catch with blades squared

Sometimes called rainforests of the sea, shallow coral reefs form some of Earth's most diverse ecosystems. They occupy less than 0.1% of the world's ocean area, about half the area of France, yet they provide a home for at least 25% of all marine species, including fish, mollusks, worms, crustaceans, echinoderms, sponges, tunicates and other cnidarians. Coral reefs flourish in ocean waters that provide few nutrients. They are most commonly found at shallow depths in tropical waters, but deep water and cold water coral reefs exist on smaller scales in other areas.

Denpasar

Aerial view of the Bajra Sandhi Monument

Capital & largest city Denpasar
The largest city is the provincial capital, Denpasar, near the southern coast. Its population is around 726,800 (mid 2022). Bali's second-largest city is the old colonial capital, Singaraja, which is located on the north coast and is home to around 150,000 people in 2020, Other important cities include the beach resort, Kuta, which is practically part of Denpasar's urban area, and Ubud, situated at the north of Denpasar, is the island's cultural centre.

Big Baby

Singaraja is a port town in northern Bali, Indonesia, which serves as the seat of Buleleng Regency. The name is Indonesian for "Lion King" (from Tamil singam and raja). It is just east of Lovina, and is also the centre of Buleleng District, which covers an area of 46.94 km² and had a population of 150,210 in 2020, the second largest on the island.

Singaraja was the Dutch colonial capital for Bali and the Lesser Sunda Islands from 1849 until 1960, an administrative center and the port of arrival for most visitors until the development of the Bukit peninsula area in the south. Singaraja was also an administrative center for the Japanese during their World War II occupation.

Day 1/ 12 June

Pick up at the airport & transfer to hotel.

Day 02 / 13 JUNE :

ONE DAY TRIP to NUSA PENIDA ISLAND (West Island Tour)

After Breakfast, Morning : Transfer to SANUR Beach to catch fast boat to across NUSA PENIDA island. Boat departs at 07.30am / 08.30am, and reach Toyapakeh pier in Nusa Penida around 09.30am. Start the Tour to visit : “Angel Billabong” offers a majestic view as one of Nusa Penida mystery getaway as well as a magnificent infinity pool. Just a minute walk from Angle Billabong, you will reach in “Broken Beach (Pantai Pasih Uug), You will find the remains of what once a massive cave, a spectacular place which is definitely one of the best place to see in Nusa Penida. Drive to a local restaurant for having Indonesian set menu lunch, soon after lunch, depart to Kelingking Beach Secret Point, which is probably the most photographed section as the view from the cliff is simply beautiful. Once you gaze off to the stones cliff that looks like a dinosaur chilling by the beach. Depart to Crystal Bay, enjoy a clear water and it is also a great place to snorkel and enjoy the rich marine life, Please bring swim-suits. Finally back to Buyuk Penida pier to catch your fast boat back to Bali. Upon arrival in Sanur beach, you will be transferred back to your hotel. (including Lunch).

Nusa Penida Island

(Please bring the swimming suit)

Kelingking Beach

Broken Bridge Nusa Penida (Pantai Pasih Uug),

Broken Beach is an incredible little cove on Nusa Penida island. The highlight of the cove and the reason it is called Broken Beach is due to the archway that wraps around the bay allowing water to flow in and out from the ocean.

Nusa Penida (Balinese: ᬦᬸᬲᬧᭂᬦᬶᬤ, romanized: Nusa Penida, . 'Penida Island') is an island located near the southeastern Indonesian island of Bali and a district of Klungkung Regency that includes the neighbouring small island of Nusa Lembongan and twelve even smaller islands. The Badung Strait separates the island and Bali. The interior of Nusa Penida is hilly with a maximum altitude of 524 metres. It is drier than the nearby island of Bali. It is one of the major tourist attractions among the three Nusa islands.

There are thirteen small islands nearby – Nusa Lembongan , Nusa Ceningan and eleven even smaller – which are included within the district (kecamatan). Administratively, the Kecamatan of the same name, had a population of 45,110 at the 2010 census, covering 202.8 km², very little changed from 10 years prior.

All around the world, there are unique ways in which the earth has eroded over time. Sometimes mother nature leaves us with something quite remarkable. On Nusa Penida, one of those places that leave us in a state of awe at how over millions of years the earth has ended up as beautiful as it appears before us

right now!

The arch at Broken Beach has been formed over many, many years and is now a true spectacle. From above the cove appears almost circular and closed in, however, at eye level the arch is quite high. Unfortunately, there is no way down into the cove for a refreshing dip although you can get in the water at Angel’s Billabong around the corner.

Angel Billabong

Angel's Billabong

Angel's Billabong is a large scenic rock pool, located on a cliff shelf on the southwest coast of Nusa Penida. It is situated adjacent to Pasih Uug Beach .Timing 6 AM to 8 PM Entrance Fee Rs 5,000 IDR

Angel Billabong - Scenic infinity pool

Why is it called Angel Billabong? According to local people the name of the Angel Billabong Beach come from mythic story if this place is place for Angel bath, so this place is often called Angel Billabong.

Angel Billabong Nusa Penida

Angel Billabong Nusa Penida Drone View

Angel's Billabong Nusa Penida

Manta Ray Viewpoint

As well as Angel’s Billabong, there is another attraction nearby and it is one that you may not find by yourself!

As you finish up at Angel’s Billabong and head to Broken Beach make sure you look at the Manta Ray viewpoint. The walk from Angel’s Billabong to Broken Beach only takes 5 minutes but halfway through the journey is an archway made of trees. When you reach this archway don’t go through immediately! Head up the hill towards the coast on your right and look down into the ocean.

Giant Manta Rays

This is where the Giant Manta Rays hang out. We sat on the cliffs watching the Mantas cruise around and surface time and time again. It was a pretty awesome discovery and we have aptly named the cliff, ‘Manta Ray Viewpoint’

This is the perfect spot to fully grasp the shape of the dinosaur or Kelingking. If you look at the picture below you can see the head with the mouth wide open on the left, while the tail seemingly wraps around to the right!

The safety at Kelingking is reliant on the bamboo railing. At many points along the cliff edge, there is no rail whatsoever and the grass just leads you off the edge, down hundreds of feet onto the rocks. The lack of safety should give you no false sense of security, be very careful as you walk along the edge enjoying the view.

Kelingking Beach (Secret Point) Nusa Penida/ MaNta Ray View Point/ Kelingking Secret Point / dinosaur or Kelingking

The viewpoints at Kelingking Secret Point Beach

Further down from the restaurant is what could be considered the main viewing point. From here you can enjoy the view all the way down to the beach. This is the perfect spot to fully grasp the shape of the dinosaur or Kelingking. If you look at the picture below you can see the head with the mouth wide open on the left, while the tail seemingly wraps around to the right!

Walk down from this viewpoint along the ridge or the spine of the T-Rex. There was also a path leading down to the shore.The climb is very steep but only short and has railing the whole way. It isn’t easy and if you don’t think you can make it back up I would just enjoy the view from the top.

Kelingking Beach (Down on the actual beach)

Once we reached the beach, the waves were insane. It is a shore-break beach and the waves were barreling and dumping. This isn’t a beach for novice swimmers and the sets came out of nowhere. Please don’t swim if you aren’t 100% sure you can handle the conditions.

My friends and I body surfed until the sunset. It was the most magical night of our time on Nusa Penida. Kelingking Secret Point Beach was and still is my favorite spot on Nusa Penida.

Kelingking pr Pinky finger Secret Point Beach

Nusa Penida has so many amazing views making it hard to pick a favorite. But when the cliffs form in the shape of a Tyrannosaurus Rex at Kelingking Secret Point Beach it is bound to be a crowd favorite.
Kelingking actually translates into English meaning Pinkie a term referencing the smallest finger on the hand. Just like a pinkie promise, the land does also appear to take the form of a Kelingking or pinkie finger. However, it is the comparison to the T-Rex that has caused this location to become so popular.

Kelingking Beach Sunset Cliff Viewpoint

Here is a great little tip for enjoying Kelingking Secret Point Beach from a unique angle. Instead of hiking down the stairs, head to the right along the cliffs. There is a worn path along the cliff edge but no railing so be careful. Here you can find multiple epic viewpoints, with arguably a better look at the beach than the hike.

It’s an awesome spot for sunset and doesn’t involve any hiking for those of you out there looking for the easy option. We came back two nights later after our beach session down at the bottom and just caught the sunset up on these cliffs. Definitely one of the best sunset spots on the island of Nusa Penida and a unique angle of Kelingking Secret Point Beach.

Kelingking Secret Point sunset

Dinosaur chilling by the beach

On the island of Nusa penida,, you can hire a moped and make the journey to Kelingking, which is about 30 minutes from the harbor. A restaurant is perched on the mountain with some pretty extreme views.

Visit Kelingking Beach from Bali

A motorbike costs a little bit more than on Bali mainland. We got ours for 70,000 rupiah per day with a full tank of gas. It wasn’t deal of the year but don’t expect to haggle down to 40,000 rupiah like you might manage on the streets of Canggu or Kuta.

Parking at Broken Beach cost 40 cents USD, which is 5,000 rupiah. From this parking lot, you can walk to Angel’s Billabong by following the signs, which will then lead you to Broken Beach. On the walk from Angel’s Billabong to Broken Beach, you will pass by the Manta Ray viewpoint!

Crystal Bay

Enjoy Clear water and it is also a great place to snorkel and enjoy the rich marine life, Please bring swimsuits. Finally back to Buyuk Penida pier to catch your fast boat back to Bali. Upon arrival in Sanur beach, you will be transferred back to your hotel. (including Lunch).

Location: Sakti Village, Nusa Penida, Klungkung, Bali Indonesia

Crystal Bay At Nusa Penida Bali

Hidden Beach and dive spot in Bali / Snorkeling and Dive site

Crystal Bay is the name of a secluded cove with a 200-metre stretch of sand on the west coast of Nusa Penida. Despite its isolation, the bay is quite accessible thanks to well-developed roads. Besides its beautiful, palm-fringed beach, the bay is best known as one of Nusa Penida’s famous snorkelling and dive sites.
The sea is safe to swim in close to the shore and during calmer tides, with crystal-clear waters (hence its name). Divers praise the superb visibility, sometimes down to 30 metres.
Crystal Bay at Nusa Penida - one of the highlights of 24 Best things to do on the Nusa Islands

Diving & Snorkelling at crystal bay

Crystal Bay is a short drive west from the coco Resort Penida. This is one of the very few resorts on the island’s western region. Down at the dark-sand beach, you may find a couple of parasol-shaded sunbeds available for rent from locals. There are also a few local warungs (traditional food stalls) on the sand, selling snacks and cold drinks. To get the to good snorkelling sites, just wade out from the shore and you’re right there.

For divers, mid-year is usually the migrating time for pelagic species, and you’ll have a high chance of catching glimpses of the mysterious mola-mola (oceanic sunfish) and even manta rays. For the regular beach lover, Crystal Bay is good for a day out, doing nothing on the sand.

Mola Mola

Mola Mola (bonefish)

The ocean sunfish or common mola (Mola mola) is one of the largest bony fish in the world. Adults typically weigh between 247 and 1,000 kg (545 and 2,205 lb). The species is native to tropical and temperate waters around the world. It resembles a fish head without a tail, and its main body is flattened laterally. Sunfish can be as tall as they are long when their dorsal and ventral fins are extended.

Sunfish are generalist predators that consume largely small fish, fish larvae, squid, and crustaceans. Sea jellies and salps , once thought to be the primary prey of sunfish, make up only 15% of a sunfish's diet. Females of the species can produce more eggs than any other known vertebrate, up to 300,000,000 at a time. Sunfish fry resemble miniature pufferfish, with large pectoral fins, a tail fin, and body spines uncharacteristic of adult sunfish.
Adult sunfish are vulnerable to few natural predators, but sea lion s, killer whales, and sharks will consume them. Sunfish are considered a delicacy in some parts of the world, including Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. In the European Union, regulations ban the sale of fish and fishery products derived from the family Molidae. Sunfish are frequently caught in gillnets.
The bay is scenic, being surrounded by the nearby hilltops on both ends and with the Pulau Batumelinjong islet dotting the nearby horizon. You can also explore the seaside temple, Pura Segara Penida, halfway along the bay.

Broken Bridge

No, you cannot swim at Broken Beach because there is no way to access the beach. You can only admire the beach that resides within the cove from the viewing area above.

Take a speed boat from Sanur to one of Bali’s most enchanting locations. This spectacular island is outlined by towering limestone cliffs and surrounded by azure waters. The best way to experience Nusa Penida is via a day tour, which includes hotel transfers, boat tickets, and entry fees to the island

Bird Park and zoo

Fantastic day trip and best thing we did in Bali. Our guide Gee was absolutely brilliant and so much fun. The snorkelling was amazing, we saw loads of beautiful fish, colourful coral and turtle. Once in the water Gee ensured us that we're ok. Lunch was fabulous. Gee took loads of amazing underwater photos. The whole experience was first class and professional as well as being great fun.

Toyapakeh Pier at Nusa Penida

Toya Pakeh Nusa Penida

Toyapakeh Harbour serves as the primary arrival point on Nusa Penida Island for most fast boat companies operating from Bali. The harbour is also renowned for scuba diving and snorkeling activities.

Toya Pakeh Ferry Nusa Penida

Due to high demand and limited sailings to the gili islands please try to book in advance to avoid disappointment.

ToyaPakeh harbor is a ferry port located on the northwest coast of the island Nusa Penida, Toya Pakeh harbor is sometimes also referred to as Banjar Nyuh. It is the main port on Nusa Penida island for ferry services from Bali to Nusa Penida and a perfect starting point to embark on other adventures such as taking a ferry to the Gili Islands. Additionally, there are many tourism services in ToyaPakeh harbor, restaurants, car, and motorbike rental services, and water sport activities.

The Toya Pakeh ferry port is served by a number of ferry routes with crossings from Sanur, Serangan, Padang Bai, and the Gili Islands. With a great selection of up to 30 sailings weekly, the port of Toya Pakeh connects Bali with Nusa Penida.

Sailing durations range from 30 minutes from Sanur to 45 minutes on the Padang Bai route.

Although there is a brief summary on this page, as sailing information can vary based on time of year we’d advise you to get live sailing times and prices in our Nusa Penida (Toyapakeh) fare search by using the search box above.

Crystal Bay Nusa Penida

Totalling some 200 square kilometres, Nusa Penida is much larger than the better known Nusa Lembongan . Tourist infrastructure is very limited here but growing fast.

Due to a lack of natural fresh water, little is grown or produced on Nusa Penida, and even some basic produce must be brought in by boat - which increases the cost of food. Visitors should therefore expect higher prices than in Bali, but not expect tourism-related luxury items being available for purchase here.

Nusa Penida has also become an unofficial bird sanctuary for endangered Balinese and Indonesian bird species, including the critically endangered Bali Starling (Leucopsar rothschildi) . In 2004 the Friends of the National Park Foundation (FNPF) started an introduction program onto Nusa Penida of the near-extinct Bali Starling. Over 2 years from 2006, 64 birds were released into the wild. By the spring of 2009, 58 chicks had successfully hatched in the wild and in 2010 there were estimated to be over 100 birds. As with many similar bird release projects in the West Bali National Park that have failed because of poachers, this has been a bit more successful in preventing the Bali Starling from extinction. The Nusa Penida population actively protects the birds. In 2006 each of the villages passed a local regulation making it an offence to steal or threaten the life of the birds.

Nusa Penida

Bali Bird Sanctuary
Bali Bird Park
Gianyar Regency

Lesser birds of paradise

The range of birds was fantastic, the "free range" birds were friendly, happy to sit on your shoulder or come and say hello.

Face masks required for travellers in public areas
The birds and cages are well maintained.
Exciting birds shows birds movies
With around 18,000 islands spread across over more than 3,000 miles (5,000 kilometers), Indonesia is one of the world’s best bird-watching destinations. Discover its wealth of colorful tropical birds by prebooking tickets to the Bali Bird Park
With around 18,000 islands spread across over more than 3,000 miles (5,000 kilometers), Indonesia is one of the world’s best bird-watching destinations. Discover its wealth of colorful tropical birds by prebooking tickets to the Bali Bird Park, home to over 1,000 feathered beauties from 250 different species. Enjoy live bird shows, feeding sessions, and even a 4D movie, without the hassle and expense of buying tickets on the door.
Address :
Enjoy walking around and get along with a thousand birds and its habitat. The Park is divided into seven regions that recreate the natural habitats of our birds, complete with indigenous plant life. You can travel from the deep misty jungle of Sumatra to Far East Indonesia and Papua to discover the native birds from these remote regions. Venture to other tropical continents too. See the South American exotics such as the Golden Macaw and the Congo Grey Parrot from the African Savannah. Enter into their real living environment and see how they play with their colony, how they breed, and feel their happiness. You'll love them. Be entertained with our various bird shows and feeding activities and also many special programs made only for you. Take photos from lots of incredible scenes and taste the richness of local Balinese culinary and international cuisine from our fantastic menus in the restaurants

Bali Myna Houston Zoo Leucopsar rothschildi
The Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi), also known as Rothschild's mynah, Bali starling, or Bali mynah, locally known as jalak Bali, is a medium-sized (up to 25 cm (9.8 in) long), stocky myna , almost wholly white with a long, drooping crest, and black tips on the wings and tail. The bird has blue bare skin around the eyes, greyish legs and a yellow bill. Both sexes are similar. It is critically endangered and in 2020, fewer than 50 adults were assumed to exist in the wild.

Two Juvenile
In its natural habitat it is inconspicuous, using tree tops for cover and–unlike other starlings–usually coming to the ground only to drink or to find nesting materials; this would seem to be an adaptation to its noticeability to predators when out in the open. The Bali mynah often gathers in groups when it is young to better locate food and watch out for predators. The vocalizations are a variety of sharp chattering calls and an emphatic tweet.
Opportunity of seeing a Komodo Dragon.
Bali bird park Komodo Dragan

The Bali myna's diet includes fruit, seeds, worms and insects

Bali Starling / Bali Myna

Nusa Penida, and neighbouring Lembongan and Ceningan islands, are a bird sanctuary. The islands communities have used traditional Balinese village regulations to create the sanctuary. The idea of a sanctuary came from the Friends of the National Parks Foundation (FNPF).

In 2006 all 35 villages (now 41 villages) agreed to make bird protection part of their traditional regulations (Balinese : ᬳᬯᬶᬕ᭄ᬳᬯᬶᬕ᭄, romanized: awig-awig). Since then, the FNPF has rehabilitated and released various Indonesian birds, most notably the critically endangered Bali starling which is endemic to Bali but whose numbers in the wild had declined to less than 10 in 2005. After a two-year program by FNPF in which 64 cage-bred birds were rehabilitated and released onto Nusa Penida, their number had increased to over 100 in 2009. Other released birds include the Java sparrow, Mitchell's lorikeet and sulphur crested cockatoo.

Java Sparrow

Sunset Lorikeet

^{(Trichoglossus forsteni), also known as the scarlet-breasted lorikeet}

The sunset lorikeet (Trichoglossus forsteni), also known as the scarlet-breasted lorikeet or Forsten's lorikeet, is a species of parrot that is endemic to the Indonesian islands of Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Tanah, Jampea (between Sulawesi and Flores), and Kalatoa (between Sulawesi and Flores). It was previously considered a Subspecies of the rainbow lorikeet but following a review in 1997, it is increasingly treated as a separate species.

In addition to the nominate subspecies from Sumbawa, it includes the subspecies mitchellii ("Mitchell's lorikeet") from Bali and Lombok, djampeanus ("Djampea lorikeet") from the small island Tanah Jampea, and stresemanni ("Stresemann's lorikeet") from the small island Kalatoa.

It is the darkest and arguably most strongly marked member of the rainbow lorikeet group, with a dark bluish head that contrasts strongly with a lime green nape and a deep scarlet (most subspecies) or deep orange (subspecies stresemanni) breast, that again contrasts strongly with the dark bluish belly.

It inhabits forest, woodland and plantations at altitudes below 1,200 m (3,900 ft) on Sumabwa, but up to 2,150 m (7,050 ft) on Lombok. Its small range combined with extensive habit destruction p and capture for the parrot trade gives cause for serious concerns. It remains fairly common on Sumbawa, but is scarce or rare elsewhere. It appears to have been extirpated from Tanah, Jampea, and may have been extirpated from Bali and Kalaotoa.

Bali Myna / Sulphur crested cockatoo

One of the largest subspecies of white cockatoos, the Sulphur-Crested Cockatoo is a beautiful and iconic Australian parrot. Despite their beauty, these are not easy birds to keep as pets because they are large, long-lived, exceedingly noisy, and a massive commitment to undertake. That said, they are still hugely popular birds that are commonly kept as pets due to their intelligence and unique beauty.
If you have the dedication and motivation, these birds make wonderful pets that will likely be with you for your entire life.
Destinations
Points of interest on Nusa Penida include:
Kelingking Beach
Broken Beach
Angel Billabong
Crystal Bay
Atuh Beach
Diamond Beach
Suwehan Beach
Peguyangan Waterfall
Tembeling Forest
Segening WaterfalL
Dive site
Nusa Penida covers a wide area of diving locations, including Penida Bay, Batu Lumbung (Manta Point), Batu Meling, Batu Abah, Toya Pakeh and Malibu Point. The flow through the Lombok Strait is, overall, south-tending, although the strength and direction of the tidal streams are influenced by the monsoon seasons.
During the southeast monsoons, the tidal flow tends south; during the northeast monsoons, the tidal flow tends north. In the area of the strait north of Nusa Penida, the pattern is relatively simple, with a flow, at peaktide, of about three-and-one-half knots. Tidal streams in Badung Strait are semi-diurnal, but the character of the stream is very complicated because its direction runs obliquely to the general south to north direction of Lombok Strait, and the channel has a curved shape.
Based on survey in 2009, there was about 1,419 hectares coral sites with 66 percent covered the sites in 3 metres depth and 74 percent covered the sites in 10 metres depth.

Selfie with giant Manta Bali

Angel Billabong

Angel's Billabong

Angel Billabong - Scenic infinity pool

Mystery Gateway

Mystery Gateway to Hindu Temple Nusa Penida

Magnificent Infinity pool

What is so special about an infinity pool?

Also known as zero-edge pools or rimless pools, infinity pools are designed to give the illusion of a missing edge. The water appears to flow beyond the edge and into, well, infinity. These pools are often built with beautiful horizons beyond the 'missing edge'.

KUTA

Kuta

long sandy Beach / Sunset Beach

The beach has been notable since the early 1970s. Kuta beach is also known as Sunset Beach, as opposed to the Sunrise Beach, another name for Sanur Beach. Luxury resorts, restaurants, and clubs are located along the beach.

In 2011, a two-meter white sandstone fence, built in a Balinese architecture style, was built along the road to block the sand from blowing to the cafes and restaurants. The project cost Rp.4 billion ($0.47 million). Some tourists dislike it as it is considered to be blocking the beach view, while others believe the wall helps dampen the sounds from the congested traffic on the adjacent street. To make the beach cleaner, as of late August 2011, vendors are prohibited from selling food on the beach, but they are still allowed to sell beverages and souvenirs.

The annual monsoon season in the region often results in trash and plastic waste washing up on the shore. Locals and tourists volunteer to clean the waste.

Kuta is a tourist area, administratively an urban village urban (kelurahan), and the capital of Kuta District, Badung Regency, Kuta District, southern Bali Indonesia. A former fishing village, it was one of the first towns on Bali to see substantial tourist development, and as a beach resort remains one of Indonesia's major tourist destinations. It is known internationally for its long sandy beach, varied accommodation, many restaurants and bars, and many renowned surfers who visit from Australia. It is located near Bali's Ngurah Rai Airport.

The Balinese Provincial Government have taken the view that the preservation of the Balinese culture, natural resources and wildlife are of primary importance in the development of the island. To this end they have limited tourist development to the peninsula on the extreme southern aspect of the island; Kuta beach is on the western side of this peninsula and Sanur is on the east. To the north of the peninsula no new tourist development is supposedly permitted.

To the south, Kuta Beach extends beyond the airport into Jimbaran. Other nearby towns and villages include Seseh (6.4 nm), Denpasar (4.5 nm), Ujung (1.8 nm), Pesanggaran (2.0 nm), Kedonganan (2.9 nm), and Tuban (1.0 nm).

Devdan Show at Bali Nusa Dua Theatre

Be enchanted by a traditional Devdan show during a performance at the Nusa Dua theatre in Kuta. Throughout the show, agile acrobats and talented dancers portray the story of two young children witnessing the magic of Indonesian culture. The costumes and colors of the show are sure to immerse you in the cultural tapestry of the Indonesian archipelago. Before and after the show, enjoy the convenience of transfers from select Bali hotels.

Excellent experience. Beautiful dancing and fantastic areal display. Set and special effects where amazing.

Excellent show got the VIP package when on arrival taken to airconditioned room and sat and waited for the show and enjoyed refreshments before being ushered to our leather reclining seats. The show was amazing hi-lighting the many culturals throughout Indonesia through dance and songs and stories incorporating stunning visual effects and amazing acrobatic and gymnastics routines. Even got to go on stage and have a couple of photos with the performers straight after their performance.

Bali Reptile Park

Absolutely fantastic reptile park/rescue and extremely well cared for animals

This place is fantastic, as a massive animal lover I usually dislike “animal parks” but know that this park is about rescue and conservation got my interest and did not disappoint. Entrance fee was 200,000 idr and at first I thought that was steep but it was soooo worth it. A private guide was included in the price and so was being able to hold and photo and interact with so many well kept very happy reptiles. All the enclosures were absolutely clean and well landscaped and all the animals looked health and happy. Our guide was well educated and spoke great English and made our time a real highlight of our trip. I would highly recommend visiting and supporting this park!

hold a python and a iguana. Als was able to see the crocodile feed. It's a great learning experience for the children. If you like to snakes and other reptiles it is a fun place. You can pet some monitor Lizards and Iguana. The tickets are IDR 200,000. this park is about rescue and conservation got my interest and did not disappoint.

At the entrance we were introduced to an anaconda which was draped around our necks for a photo opportunity.there were lizards walking all over the place and you had to watch your step so as not to accidentally step on them. When I say lizards, I mean massive things, all over a foot long.two giant saltwater crocodiles we were told they were called “Happy” and “Lucky”. I was then asked if I wanted to feed one. For 100k idr (a fiver in British pounds), the keeper got a bamboo pole with a string on and a dead chicken tied to the end and had me dangle it into the enclosure for the crocodile to leap up and eat. It was terrifying and exhilarating. The park is well structured and organized, and animals are well kept.There is a petting area where iguanas, skinks and turtles can be pet and it's possible to connect with the animals - something not easily offered for reptiles. Rare local species are represented. Would definitely return.you can hold a (young) reticulated python, a huge docile iguana, pet tortoises and get a thorough, fascinating tour for a very fair price!

Tips:
- Allow about an hour and a half to see everything thoroughly.
- Also go to the Bali Bird Park (right next to the reptile park, separate admission fee) which is also awesome and well worth the money!

Bali Bird Park

Gianyar Regency

Lesser birds of paradise

The range of birds was fantastic, the "free range" birds were friendly, happy to sit on your shoulder or come and say hello.

Face masks required for travellers in public areas

The birds and cages are well maintained.

Exciting birds shows birds movies. With around 18,000 islands spread across over more than 3,000 miles (5,000 kilometers), Indonesia is one of the world’s best bird-watching destinations. Discover its wealth of colorful tropical birds by pre-booking tickets to the Bali Bird Park, home to over 1,000 feathered beauties from 250 different species. Enjoy live bird shows, feeding sessions, and even a 4D movie, without the hassle and expense of buying tickets on the door.

Address :

Enjoy walking around and get along with a thousand birds and its habitat. The Park is divided into seven regions that recreate the natural habitats of our birds, complete with indigenous plant life. You can travel from the deep misty jungle of Sumatra to Far East Indonesia and Papua to discover the native birds from these remote regions. Venture to other tropical continents too. See the South American exotics such as the Golden Macaw and the Congo Grey Parrot from the African Savannah. Enter into their real living environment and see how they play with their colony, how they breed, and feel their happiness. You'll love them. Be entertained with our various bird shows and feeding activities and also many special programs made only for you. Take photos from lots of incredible scenes and taste the richness of local Balinese culinary and international cuisine from our fantastic menus in the restaurants

Bali Myna Houston Zoo Leucopsar rothschildi

The Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi), also known as Rothschild's mynah, Bali starling, or Bali mynah, locally known as jalak Bali, is a medium-sized (up to 25 cm (9.8 in) long), stocky myna , almost wholly white with a long, drooping crest, and black tips on the wings and tail. The bird has blue bare skin around the eyes, greyish legs and a yellow bill. Both sexes are similar. It is critically endangered and in 2020, fewer than 50 adults were assumed to exist in the wild.

Two Juvenile

In its natural habitat it is inconspicuous, using tree tops for cover and–unlike other starlings–usually coming to the ground only to drink or to find nesting materials; this would seem to be an adaptation to its noticeability to predators when out in the open. The Bali mynah often gathers in groups when it is young to better locate food and watch out for predators. The vocalizations are a variety of sharp chattering calls and an emphatic tweet.

Opportunity of seeing a Komodo Dragon.

Bali bird park Komodo Dragan

The Bali myna's diet includes fruit, seeds, worms and insects

Bali Zoo

Start the most important meal of the day with our adorable Orangutan at their playground. Breakfast in the zoo might be a common thing, but breakfast with Orangutan? That would be one kind of an experience!. The first in Indonesia, Bali Zoo launched a unique Breakfast with Orangutan experience. Now, guests are not only able to enjoy breakfast like a king, but also with kings of the jungle: Orangutans. cool interaction with orangutan, elephants, birds, rabbits, porcupine etc. starts early in day

This was a great time. They have so many other animals out during breakfast so you see more than the orangutans. The elephants were my favorite and they brought the baby elephant out. Totally worth going to. The food was also very good. we got to touch Elephants , rabbits , birds , rabbits , Pangolin, ponies etc. truly humbled to cuddle a pangolin!

Breeding

Taxonomy and systematics

Monkey in Uluwatu Sunset Temple

Uluwatu Bali

Wood carving in Bali

86% Hinduism, 10% Islam, 2% Christianity, Buddhism and others

Language :Indonesian, Balinese, English

Time Zone : UTC +08

Puputan Monument

Tourism

Bali Montage. Several tourist spots in Bali island, from top left to right: Sunset over Amed beach with Mount Agung A in the background, Garuda Wisnu Kencana monument, Tanah Lot temple, view from top of Besakih Temple , scuba diving around Pemuteran, The Rock Bar at Jimbaran Bay, and various traditional Balinese people activities

Procession of Ogoh-Ogoh on the eve of Nyepi

Ubud

Ubud is famous for its paintings.

Monkey forest street of Ubud

Ubud is a town on the Indonesian island of Bali in Ubud District , located amongst rice paddies and steep ravines in the central foothills of the Gianyar regency. Promoted as an arts and culture centre, it has developed a large tourism industry. It forms a northern part of the Greater Denpasar metropolitan area (known as Sarbagita).

Ubud, often mistaken for a small city, is an administrative district (kecamatan ) with a population of 74,800 (as of the 2020 Census) in an area of 42.38 km². The central area of Ubud desa (village) has a population of 11,971 and an area of 6.76 km², and receives more than three million foreign tourists each year. The area surrounding the town is made up of small farms, rice paddies, agroforestry plantations, and tourist accommodations. As of 2018, more tourists visited Ubud than Denpasar to the south.

Neka Art Museum

The Neka Art Museum is one of the famous museum located at Ubud, Bali. The founder and director is Mr Suteja Neka who is an art collector and a patron for Balinese traditional art. His collection consists of famous traditional artists from the 19th century to the present day. There are maestros such as I Ketut Soki, Ida Bagus Made, I Wayan Tembles and many more who depicted the daily life of villagers, religious ceremonies and the Balinese folklores. On top of its permanent collection, Neka art museum also has a gallery of Keris (Indonesian traditional sword) on the second floor.

Wooden carved doors themselves were works of art. There was a mixture of paintings and sculpture, mainly wood carvings but other media also. The paintings were beautiful and in varied styles

This museum has very interesting paintings and sculptures from artists who are from a long time ago and contemporary as well as photos from the 1930's...all displayed in a nice cool building .
World most beautiful collection of kriss. Better read about discovering this unique collection of sacred knives to enjoy the visit at its most. Incredible beauties exposed there. A visit which makes you admiring the talent of balinese artis

Agung Rai Museum

Agung Rai Museum of Art (ARMA) was established for a purpose. Founded by Agung Rai, a Balinese who has devoted his life to the preservation and development of Balinese art and culture, the museum The permanent exhibition of paintings by Balinese, Indonesian and foreign artists include the collections of the ARMA Foundation and works on loan from the collection of Mr. and Mrs. Agung Rai.

The collection ranges from traditional to contemporary, including classical Kamasan painting on tree bark, masterpieces by Batuan artists of the 1930s and 1940s and the only works to be seen on the island of Bali by 19th century Javanese artist Raden Saleh and Syarif Bustaman.

Kamasan Collection

Pre War Collection

Outside Bali Collection

ARMA is more than a museum. It is a centre for visual and performing arts, allowing the visitor to enjoy the permanent collection of paintings, special temporary exhibitions, theatre performances, dance, music and painting classes, bookshop, library and reading room, cultural workshops, conferences, seminars and training programs. Its vision is to become an internationally renowned museum of Balinese and Indonesian culture by organizing events showing the uniqueness and diversity of this culture. The museum provides many quality services to people from various cultural backgrounds. It serves people who wish to experience and learn about Bali’s unique cultural heritage. ARMA functions as a living entity, always on the look out for new opportunities to sustain the Balinese arts.

History

Eighth-century legend tells of a Javanese priest, Rsi Markendya, who meditated at the confluence of two rivers (an auspicious site for Hindus) at the Ubud locality of Campuhan. Here he founded the Gunung Lebah Temple on the valley floor, the site of which remains a pilgrim destination.

The town was originally important as a source of medicinal herbs and plants; Ubud gets its name from the Balinese word ubad (medicine).

In the late 19th century, Ubud became the seat of feudal lords who owed their allegiance to the king of Gianyar, at one time the most powerful of Bali's southern states. The lords were members of the Balinese Kshatriya caste of Suk, and were significant supporters of the village's increasingly renowned arts scene.

Antonio Blanco, a Spanish-American artist, lived in Ubud from 1952 until his death in 1999.^[7] A new burst of creative energy came in the 1960s after the arrival of Dutch painter Arie Smit and the development of the Young Artists Movement. The Bali tourist boom since the late 1960s has seen much development in the town.

In 2002, terrorist bombings caused a decline in tourism throughout Bali including Ubud. In response to this a writer's festival was created, Ubud Writers and Readers Festival to help revive tourism, the island's main economic lifeline.

Streets

The main street is Jalan Raya Ubud (Jalan Raya means main road), which runs east–west through the center of town. Two long roads, Jalan Monkey Forest and Jalan Hanoman, extend south from Jalan Raya Ubud.

Buildings

Puri Saren Agung is a large palace located at the intersection of Monkey Forest and Raya Ubud roads. The residence of Tjokorda Gede Agung Sukawati (1910–1978), the last ruling monarch of Ubud, it is still owned by the royal family. Dance performances and ceremonies are held in its courtyard. The palace was also one of Ubud's first hotels, opening its doors back in the 1930s.

A number of Hindu temples exist, such as Pura Desa Ubud, which is the main temple, Pura Taman Saraswati, and Pura Dalem Agung Padangtegal, the temple of death. The Gunung Kawi temple is the site of the royal tombs. Goa Gajah, also known as the Elephant Cave, is located in a steep valley just outside Ubud near the town of Bedulu.

The Moon of Pejeng, in nearby Pejeng, is the largest single-cast bronze kettle drum in the world, dating from circa 300 BC. It is a popular destination for tourists interested in local culture.

Transportation

One of the halls of Ubud Palace ,Performance Stage

Ubud Crematorium Ceremony /Procession. Royal Funeral

King tomb Gunung Kawi Temple Bali

Culture

The town and area has a number of art museums, such as the Blanco Renaissance Museum, the Puri Lukisan Museum, Neka Art Museum, and the Agung Rai Museum of Art. The Museum Rudana in Peliatan is nearby. Galleries promoting local and overseas crafts are abound, too, in Ubud. Some often hold exhibitions focused on stimulating a dialogue between both local and international artists, and less about selling artworks. One of the primary examples is BIASA ArtSpace, founded by art enthusiast and fashion designer Susanna Perini.

The Tek Tok is a traditional Balinese dance that is accompanied by musical sound of mouth 'Tek Tok' altogether with various combinations of body movement and other sounds. The story Draupadi Parwa told in the Tek Tok Dance tells a moral message, when a woman who embodies the values of patience, sacrifice, compassion, devotion, and holy sincerity is disrespected, then disasters and calamities will befall a kingdom or state. This story also conveys the message that truth, virtue, devotion and genuine compassion will always be protected by God. The Tek Tok dance performance is held regularly at the Bali Culture Center (BCC) in Ubud four times a week. Ubud Writers and Readers Festival (UWRF) is held every year, which is participated by writers and readers from all over the world.

Many Balinese dances are performed around Ubud including the Legong by the Peliatan Dance Group, the first troupe to travel abroad.

Climate

Ubud has a Tropical RainForest Climate

Ubud Monkey Forest/ Visitors feeding monkeys

Monkey eating Corn in Monkey Forest Ubud

Day 3 / 14 JUNE :

After breakfast, 12.00 pickup at hotel lobby transfer for Lunch at Indian Local Restaurant, continue transfer to ULUWATU TEMPLE TOUR. Visit to ancient Hindu temple located on top of the cliff jutting out to the ocean over 100 meters above the sea level. It is a spectacular view from the splash of the wave all the times under the natural rocky cliff combining with the stunning Sunset. Many holy monkeys around the temple courtyard which is believed as guardian of the temple.
Then back to hotel. (Include Lunch).

Uluwatu Temples Tour

Uluwatu Temple in Bali/ Balinese Hindu Sea Temple

Uluwatu Temple (Balinese : Pura (Luhur) Uluwatu) is a Balinese Hindu sea temple (Pura Segara) located in Uluwatu (South Kuta ,Badung). The temple is regarded as one of the sad kahyangan and is dedicated to Sang Hyang Widhi in his manifestation as Rudra.

History & Etymology
The temple (pura in Balinese) is built at the edge (ulu) of a 70-meter-high (230 ft) cliff or rock (watu) projecting into the sea. In folklore, this rock is said to be part of Dewi Danu's petrified barque.Though a small temple was claimed to have existed earlier, the structure was significantly expanded by a Javanese sage, Empu Kuturan in the 11th Century. Another sage from East Java, Dang Hyang Nirartha is credited for constructing the padmasana shrines and it is said that he attained moksha here, an event called ngeluhur ("to go up") locally. This has resulted in the temple's epithet Luhur.

Monkeys
The temple is inhabited by monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), who are notorious for snatching visitors' belongings, such as flip-flops, cameras, and sunglasses. They can usually be persuaded into ransoming the items for fruit, nuts, or candies, although this only encourages them to steal more.
Scientist and experts on primate behavior have conducted studies on the Macaque monkeys in the area and have collected data suggesting that they learn bartering behavior. This trade is passed down to the young offspring. New groups of Macaque monkeys introduced into the area quickly adapt and learn the new skill from the locals

Uluwatu Monkey with stolen sunglasses / Macaca fascicularis

Kecak Dance Performance
A Kecak dance performance based on the Ramayan is performed daily in Uluwatu temple at every 6pm on the cliff-side. The performance which is outdoors also shows the beautiful sunset at the background of the performance.^[

Achintya Bali/ Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa (glossed as "God Almighty")

Achintya (from Sanskrit: अचिन्त्य, "the inconceivable", "the unimaginable"), also known as Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa (Balinese: "The Divine Order") and Sang Hyang Tunggal ("The Divine Oneness"), is the Supreme God of Indonesian Hinduism (formally known as Agama Hindu Dharma), especially on the island of Bali . Achintya is equivalent to the metaphysical concept of Brahma of Indian Hinduism, and is the Supreme God in traditional Wayang (shadow puppet ) theatre. All gods, goddesses and existence are believed to be the manifestation of the Achintya in Balinese Hinduism.

Achintya corresponds to a rather recent trend towards monism in Bali, according to which there is one supreme deity supreme, and that all other gods are only manifestations of him. Achintya is emptiness, and considered as the origin of the Universe, all other divinities emanating from him.

He is often associated to the sun god and depicted in human form with flames around him. His nakedness expresses that "his consciousness is no longer carried away by his sense-faculties".

Prayers and offerings are not made directly to Achintya, but also to the other manifestations of the deity. He is often not even represented, in which case he is only evoked by an empty throne on top of a pillar (the Padmasana, lit. " lotus throne"), inside Balinese temples.

The introduction of the Padmasana as an altar to the Supreme God, was the result of a 16th-century Hindu reformation movement, led by Dang Hyang Narartha, the priest of the Gelgel King Batu Renggong (also Waturenggong), at the time when Islam was spreading from the west through Java Dang Hyang Nirartha built temples in Bali, and added the Padmasana shrines to the temples he visited.

Political Aspect

Since the end of World War ll and the Indonesian War of Independence , the Republic of Indonesia has adopted the political philosophy of sun Pancasila (literally, "The five principles"), which allows for freedom of religion. The statute, however, requires that the religion in question be monotheistic , i.e., based upon the belief in a single, omnipotent deity. Under this system, six religions are recognised: Islam, Buddhism, Catholicism, Protestantism, Hinduism and later on sun Confucianism . To comply with regulations, Balinese Hindus have felt the need to reinforce the monotheistic component of the faith, thus the more emphasised role of Achintya. To refer to him, they selected the term Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa (glossed as "God Almighty"), which although coined in the 1930s by Protestant missionaries to describe the Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa (glossed as "God Almighty") Christian God, was thought to be well-adapted to describe the Hindu supreme deity. This is thus the name which is now more commonly used by modern Balinese

Statue of Achintya Bali Museum

Located In Badung Regency

Empty throne of supreme God Bali

Devi Danu

Dewi Danu is the water goddess of the Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa (glossed as "God Almighty") Balinese Hindus , who call their belief-system Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa (glossed as "God Almighty") Agama (tantric literature) Tirta, or belief-system of the water. She is one of two supreme deities in the Balinese tradition.

Pura Latur Uluwatu

Day 04/ 15 JUNE :

After breakfast, starts at 09.00am, Full day tour to Taman Ayun Royal Family Temple at Mengwi Village + BEDUGUL VEGETABLE PLANTATION, + LAKE Beratan to see a spectacular Hindu temple inside the Lake + Day 04/15 JUNE : After breakfast, starts at 09.00am, Full day tour to TAMAN AYUN Royal Family Temple at Mengwi Village + BEDUGUL VEGETABLE PLANTATION, + LAKE Beratan to see a spectacular Hindu temple inside the Lake + Indonesian Lunch will be served in a local restaurant, after lunch will continue to visit TANAH LOT to see a nice view of Hindu temple is located inside the ocean above the rock (an unbelievable iconic temple located inside the ocean). You may see the stunning sun set which is subject to the weather condition. Check in hotel Ubud (include Lunch).nesian Lunch will be served in a local restaurant, after lunch will continue to visit TANAH LOT to see a nice view of Hindu temple is located inside the ocean above the rock (an unbelievable iconic temple located inside the ocean). You may see the stunning sun set which is subject to the weather condition. Check in hotel Ubud (include Lunch).

Bali : A Volcanic Island

Taman Ayun Royal Family Temple

Royal Family temple

Taman Ayun Temple

Pura Taman Ayun temple is in the village of Mengwi Badung on Bali, Indonesia. History of temple is associate with King Of in 1627, It is the place to worship royal family of Mengwi ancestors.

Pura Taman Ayun Temple in Bali

Translated as Golden Temple in Water.

Entrance to the inner Sanctum

Pura Taman Ayun is a compound of Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa (glossed as "God Almighty") Balinese temple and garden with water features located in Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa (glossed as "God Almighty") Mengwi subdistrict in Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa (glossed as "God Almighty") Badung Regency , Bali Indonesia , Henk Schulte Nordholt wrote in his book Negara Mengwi that Taman Ayun was renovated in 1750. The architect’s name is given as Hobin Ho. The temple garden was featured on the television program Around the world in 80 Gardens . On 2012, the Subek cultural landscape of Bali including Pura Taman Ayun was inscribed as a World Heritage Site UNESCO

Main Sanctum Taman Ayun

Pura Taman Ayun is a magnificent family temple of Mengwi empire. This is one of the most visited temple in Bali, both local and foreign tourists

Elaborate Barong is kept in the temple

This elaborate Barong is kept in a pavilion in the inner courtyard of Pura Taman Ayun, the royal temple of the Mengwi dynasty.

Garuda Shrine

Garuda Shrine. Pura Taman Ayun, Mengwi. The shrine with Garuda and Vishnu faces kaja towards Mt. Agung. The inner gate where we started can be seen in the distance. We are at the far end of the temple now.

Meru Tower Pagoda like shrine

It's located in Mengwi Village, Mengwi sub district, Badung regency and about 18 Km north side of Denpasar town. It is strategically located beside of major roadway between Denpasar to Singaraja.

Cock fighting Pavilion

.Cockfighting Pavilion. Pura Taman Ayun, Mengwi. It may seem odd to build a cockfighting venue on the grounds of a temple, but that is the Balinese way. It is located in the kelod direction, near the entrance, which is the least pure part of the temple

Bale Bengong, Garden contemplating pavilion

Taman Ayun Temple is also one of six royal temples in Bali making it very important both spiritually and historically. The temple’s name Taman Ayun translates to the ‘Garden Temple in the Water’.

Taman Ayun temple is set on the land which is surrounded by the big fish pond and look like a drift on the water.

The temple complex boasts magnificent traditional architectural features throughout its courtyards and enclosures as well as expansive garden landscapes comprised of lotus and fish ponds.

Many visitors enjoy stopping off at the temple to wander around the grounds, and see the many architectural and historical highlights of this Balinese landmark.

It is a great place to marvel at the early and traditional Balinese architectural features that prevail on the island.

History Taman Ayun Temple

Taman Ayun Temple

Taman Ayun Temple is a Mother Temple (Paibon) to Mengwi Kingdom.. Taman Ayun Temple was built in the 17th century precisely started in 1632, and and finished in 1634, by the first king Tjokerda Sakti Blambangan.

This temple holds a very sophisticated architectural design compared to other temples in Bali. Chinese architectural inspirations, and underwent a significant restoration project in 1937.

And in 2012 UNESCO awarded Taman Ayun Temple as part of the world cultural tourism site.

Towering tiers from the temple shrines make up most of the profile of Pura Taman Ayun and are a gesture of the people of Mengwi’s reverence to their deified noble ancestors, for the temple complex is considered the royal family temple of Mengwi.

Taman Ayun Temple was to serve as a main site of worship among the Mengwi people who need not travel too far to the main large temples, the likes of the Besakih ‘mother temple’ in Karangasem, Batukaru Temple in Tabanan, or Batur Temple in Kintamani. It also served as a unifying symbol among the Mengwi royalty and the people.

Taman Ayun Temple Complex & Features

Pura Taman Ayun Complex complex comprises four different divisions, one ranking higher than the other. The first is referred to as the ‘Jaba’ or outer division, accessible only through a single entrance and walkway over the ponds.

Inside, near the entrance is a small guardian shrine and on the right is a large ‘wantilan’ hall where the communal gatherings take place. A tall fountain with spouts jutting up and out to the cardinal directions can be seen in this area.

Onto the next court, a small temple compound by the name of Pura Luhuring Purnama can be seen. The second and third terraces are slightly higher than the first.

To enter, visitors must go through a second gate where a shelter called Bale Pengubengan greets them with ornamental features that depict the nine Hindu gods that guard the nine points of the compass, referred to as Dewata Nawa Sanga.

East of this court is a small temple called Pura Dalem Bekak, while in its western corner is an eight metre-high wooden bell tower known to locals as ‘Bale Kulkul’. A climb up will reveal two hanging rectangular wooden bells, plus a high and spectacular view of the whole complex.

The fourth and last court is considered the most sacred, thus ranks the highest. It is referred to as the Utama Mandala. The intricately ornate central gate is open only during ceremonies, as the entryway for consecrated heirlooms and other ceremonial paraphernalia.

Another gate at its east is for daily access. Several tiers of different outlines and sizes rise up into the temple’s skyline.

The temple’s three grounds denote the three cosmological levels known to Balinese Hinduism, namely the world of man, the realm of gods and deities, and the topmost divine level.

As recounted in the ancient texts of the ‘Adhiparwa’, the whole complex of the Taman Ayun Temple represents Mount Mahameru in the so-called ‘churning of the sea of milk’ or the cosmic formation of the world.

The name ‘Taman Ayun’ translates as ‘beautiful garden’. The vast encircling pools were once royal recreational places for the palace maids who would sail small canoes. Now the pools and ponds are fenced and visitors are denied entrance.

The temple shares the same anniversary day of the cliff-perched Uluwatu Temple on the island’s southern Bukit peninsula, which is celebrated on the 210-day Balinese Pawukon calendar system or on every ‘Kliwon Medangsia’ Tuesday.

The ‘piodalan’ temple anniversary celebrations see pilgrims flock to the temple complex, day and night.

North of the bell tower is a pavilion called Bale Loji. In old times, this was where priests and ceremonial attendants would make preparations and take a break.

Nowadays, artists can be seen here busy at their art-in-the-making. Paintings are also available here for purchase. Museum Manusa Yadnya is located just across the road from the temple site.

The museum showcases Balinese Hinduism rituals and human rites of passage, throughout their stages of life.

Taman Ayun Temple Entrance Fee

Visits to the Taman Ayun Temple are subject to an entrance fee of IDR 10,000 for domestic tourists and IDR 20,000 for foreigners.

Visitors must wear a sarong and a sash, as well as appropriate clothes common for temple visits.

And one of the important things that you should highly attention is women on their periods are forbidden entry.

How to Get to Taman Ayun Temple

To go get to Taman Ayun Temple is easily accessible and lies on the main road in strategically area beside of major roadway between Denpasar to Singaraja.

It's about 1,5 hours drive from Denpasar, Kuta, or Seminyak area. And 45 minutes drive or 17 km away from Ubud area

Is there no public transportation to Taman Ayun Temple, so we recommend you to rent a scoter or car with driver and taking a tour of Northern Bali to discover some of the best hidden gems!

Taman Ayun Temple Opening Hours

Taman Ayun Temple is open for public daily from 09.00 AM to 05:00 PM. Except Nyepi day in Bali.

Nyepi is a Balinese "Day of Silence" that is commemorated every Isakawarsa (Saka new year) according to the Balinese calendar. It is a Hindu celebration mainly celebrated in Bali, Indonesia.

Nyepi, a public holiday in Indonesia, is a day of silence, fasting and meditation for the Balinese. The day following Nyepi is also celebrated as New Year's Day.

Observed from 6 a.m. until 6 a.m. the next morning, Nyepi is a day reserved for self-reflection, and as such, anything that might interfere with that purpose is restricted.

The main restrictions are no lighting fires (and lights must be kept low); no working; no entertainment or pleasure; no traveling; and, for some, no talking or eating at all.

The effect of these prohibitions is that Bali's usually bustling streets and roads are empty, there is little or no noise from TVs and radios, and few signs of activity are seen even inside homes.

The only people to be seen outdoors are the Pecalang, traditional security men who patrol the streets to ensure the prohibitions are being followed.

Although Nyepi is primarily a Hindu holiday, non-Hindu residents and tourists are not exempt from the restrictions. Although they are free to do as they wish inside their hotels, no one is allowed onto the beaches or streets, and the only airport in Bali remains closed for the entire day.

The only exceptions granted are for emergency vehicles responding to life-threatening conditions and women about to give birth.

This year, Nyepi Day falls on 22 March 2023.

Rules

Visitors must ensure that they wear a sarong to cover knees and ankles. Also make sure that shoulders and midriffs are covered.

The Balinese are more than happy to welcome you to visit their temples, but you need to remember that temples are holy places, so there are some rules you need to be aware of before visiting a temple in Bali.

Don’t take photos directly in front of worshippers.
Don’t Step Over or Tread on Offerings - Small offerings called canang sari are often left on the ground.
Don’t enter any temple if you’re menstruating. This may be galling to any woman, but you have a whole island’s culture against you on this one. Any woman on her period, or anyone (regardless of gender) with a running sore or bleeding wound for that matter, is considered impure and not to be allowed into any Balinese temple.

As long as you remember that the temple you are in is a space of reverence to the Balinese people, and treat it as such, your temple visit is sure to bring you the happiness and enlightenment you seek.

Bedugul Vegetable And Fruit Plantation
an Day Tours to enjoy visiting Bedugul Botanical Garden and visit other interesting tourist destination in Bali islands. Escaping the busy of the city we will go to the highland with amazing fresh atmosphere and amazing view of beautiful nature panorama. First visit will be Taman Ayun Temple at mengwi regency, we will see his beautiful temple with large moat surrounds the temple make the more beautiful, After wards we will drive through to the high lands to visit Bedugul Botanical Garden, it will take a few hours to arrive, but don’t worry our private car with good air conditioning make the trip more comfortable. Bedugul Botanical Garden an area 154.5 ha and contained about 16.000 plants collection, consisting of over 1500 species from over 320 genera and 155 families used for Botanical research and also have large park for resting places. Then the Bedugul Tour continue to visit Ulun Danu Temple in the beautiful Lake Beratan, you will enjoy the view in this temple, the temple is floating in the lake and perfect place for taking picture with temple as a background. then continue the Full Day Bedugul Tour to visit Candi Kuning Market is a traditional market in bedugul village which sell various vegetables and fruit. Our private car with good air conditioning and amazing Bali Tour Driver will make the Bedugul Tour more enjoyable.
Field of growing cabbage ready to harvest
Indonesian Bali cabbage
Grade Quality Cabbage
Tanah Lot
You may see the stunning sunset which is subject to the weather condition.
"Land [in the] Sea"
Sunset at Pura Tanah Lot/ Tanah Lot Temple
Tanah Lot (Balinese : ᬢᬦᬄᬮᭀᬢ᭄) is a rock formation  off the Indonesian  island of Bali. It is home to the ancient Hindu pilgrimage temple Pura Tanah Lot (literally "Tanah Lot temple"), a popular tourist and cultural icon for photography.Tanah Lot temple.

Tanah Lot
Tanah Lot means "Land [in the] Sea" in the Balinese language  Located in Tabanan, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) North West of Denpasar, the temple sits on a large offshore rock which has been shaped continuously over the years by the ocean tide.
Bali's scenic sea temple

Tanah Lot is claimed to be the work of the 16th-century Dang Hyang Nirartha. During his travels along the south coast he saw the rock-island's beautiful setting and decided to rest there. Some fishermen saw him, and bought him gifts. Nirartha then spent the night on the little island. Later he spoke to the fishermen and told them to build a shrine on the rock, for he felt it to be a holy place to worship the Balinese sea gods. The main deity of the temple is Dewa Baruna or Bhatara Segara, who is the sea god or sea power and these days, Nirartha is also worshipped here.वरुण देव
Tanah Lot Temple Bali
The Tanah Lot temple was built and has been a part of Balinese mythology  for centuries. The temple is one of seven sea temples  around the Balinese coast. Each of the sea temples was established within eyesight of the next to form a chain along the south-western coast. In addition to Balinese mythology, the temple was significantly influenced by Hinduism.
At the base of the rocky island, venomous sea snakes are believed to guard the temple from evil spirits and intruders. The temple is purportedly protected by a giant snake, which was created from Nirartha's selendang (a type of sash) when he established the island.
Restoration

Tanah Lot

In 1980, the temple's rock face was starting to crumble and the area around and inside the temple started to become dangerous.The Japanese  government then provided a loan to the Indonesian government of Rp 800 billion (approximately US$480 million) to conserve the historic temple and other significant locations around Bali. As a result, over one third of Tanah Lot's "rock" is actually cleverly disguised artificial rock created during the Japanese-funded and supervised renovation and stabilization program.

Sacred water at Tanah lot temple
Entrance tickets cost 20,000 Rupiah for Indonesian nationals (Rp 15,000 for children), but foreigners have to pay three times the price, or Rp 60,000 (Rp 30,000 for children). To reach the temple, visitors must walk through a set of Balinese market-format souvenir shops which cover each side of the path down to the sea. On the mainland clifftops, restaurants have also been provided for tourists.
Location
This tourist attraction is located in Beraban, Kediri, Tabanan, approximately 13 kilometers (8 miles) south of Tabanan.

Hindu Temple
Bedugul Botanical Garden

Bali Bedugul Botanical Garden located in at bedugul village, about 1240 meters above sea level, it is a place for botanical research, conversations, recreation, and educations, it provide a place where you can relax in beautiful an peaceful surrounds.
Ulun Danu Beratan Temple


Ulun Danu Temple, a temple dedicated to the goddess of the lake is Ida Batari Dewi Ulun Danu on the edge of a huge crater. The history can be traced back to the rise of the Mengwi kingdom. Ulun Danu Beratan Temple mostly called as a Ulun Danu Temple
Candi Kuning Market

Candi Kuning Market is the name of traditional fruit and vegetable market situated in the mountain area of Bedugul Bali. Candi Kuning Market provides fresh fruits, vegetables, spices, and exotic flowers such as delicate orchids and roses.
Lake Baratan
Baratan Lake at Ulan Danu Temple/ Bali Temple of Lake

Ulun or Pura Danu Bedugul Bali is a Hindu temple located in the village of Kuning Temple, Baturiti District and Tabanan Denpasar - Bali Island, Indonesia.The temple is located on the beautiful shores of Lake Baratan with views of the lake and surrounding hills, in the plateau area with cool atmosphere and hills as a backdrop temple.
Pura Ulun Danu Baratan, or Pura Bratan, is a major Hindu Shaivite temple in Bali, Indonesia Bali. The temple complex is on the shores of Lake Bratan in the mountains near Bedugul . The water from the lake serves the entire region in the outflow area; downstream there are many smaller water temples that are specific to each irrigation association (subak ).
The temple complex
In Bali, Hindu temples are known as "pura ", being designed as open-air places of worship in walled compounds . The compound walls have a series of intricately decorated gates without doors for the devotee to enter. The design and plan of the holy pura follows a square layout. A typical temple is laid out according to ancient Lontar texts with three courtyards separated by low walls pierced by ornate gateways. The outer courtyard is for secular pursuits, with pavilions used for meetings, resting performers and musicians at festivals. Food stalls are set up here during festivals. The middle courtyard is a transition zone between the human and divine sections; here offerings are prepared and temple paraphernalia are stored. The inner courtyard is the site of the shrines and religious ceremonies. The shrines are known as merus  and are square structures with brick bases and multiple pagoda -style thatched roofs; the number of roofs reflects the status of the deity, and is always an odd number. Pura Ulun Danu Beratan is one of the nine 'Kahyangan Jagat' temples on Bali. The temple complex consists of five various shrines dedicated to other Hindu gods as well.

Built in 1633, the temple is used for offerings and ceremonies dedicated to the Balinese water, lake and river goddess Dewi Dhanu , due to the importance of Lake Bratan as a main source of irrigation in central Bali. The 11-storey pelinggih meru  in the complex is dedicated to Shiva  and his consort Parvati. Buddha's  statue is also enshrined in this temple. This temple is also called the "Bali temple on the Lake" because it looks as if it is floating when the Bratan River rises.

The Buddhist stupa

Buddhist Stupa in Bali

The Buddhist stupa of Beratan is a place of worship for Buddhists located at the tourist complex of Pura Ulun Danu Beratan. Its existence is quite unique and interesting considering its location in close proximity to the sites of worship belonging to Hindus.
This stupa signifies religious harmony. It faces south and is located outside the main area of the Ulun Danu Beratan Temple complex

Day 05/ 16 th JUNE :

After breakfast, Tour starts at 09.00am : Full day KINTAMANI VOLCANO Tour, visit Traditional handmade BATIK PAINTING in Batubulan Village, visit PAINTING and WOOD CARVING at MAS village, visit to TEGENUNGEN WATERFALL and continue to a highland to visit COFFEE PLANTATION, knowing different kind of coffee, including LUWAK Coffee the most famous coffee in Bali besides the authentic Balinese coffee and its coffee powder making process. Time to taste some different kind of Indonesian Coffee on site. The Highlight is to see nice view of MOUNT BATUR & and its sister LAKE BATUR + Indonesian Lunch will be served at the local restaurant, on the way back will stop to view spectacular Rice Terraces In TEGALALANG Village. Next visit to UBUD HANDICRAFT VILLAGE and the time to visit also UBUD ROYAL PALACE nearby the Ubud Market. Shopping places are available on this tour and You may spend your time for shopping of any kind of Balinese handicraft products good for souvenir and or for collection. (include Lunch)

KINTAMANI VOLCANO Tour Karangasem

Mount Batur

Last erupted in 2000

Mount Batur in Bali

Kintamani famed for its Batur volcano breathtaking view and Batur Lake. While Ubud is well known for its center of Bali artistic and culture.

Kintamani Bali, Volcano Village

Kintamani Bali is one of the island’s most underrated areas, with fresh mountain air, lake view hotels and restaurants, and the humongous 13-kilometer-wide volcanic caldera that the village has sat in since ancient times.

The main attraction in Kintamani is the epic Mount Batur volcano, which is super popular for sunrise hikes, but there are a bunch of other neat things to see in the area like temples, hot springs, and the giant crater lake.
We spent a couple days here in 2020 and it was a fantastic getaway from the busy life in south Bali. This page will explain how to get to Kintamani, where to stay, and what are the best things you can see and do in the area!

Kintamani BaLI Volcano Village

Bangli Regency Bali Indonesia . Mount Batur / Mount Batur & Lake

Mount Batur

Climbing an active volcano.

Mount Batur (Gunung Batur) is an active volcano located at the center of two concentric calderas north west of Mount Agung on the island of Bali, Indonesia . Also known as the hiding spot of Tarubian Clans. The south east side of the larger 10×13 km caldera contains a caldera lake. Both the larger caldera, and a smaller 7.5 km caldera were formed by a collapse of the magma chamber, the first larger collapse taking place about 29,300 years ago, and the second inner caldera collapsing about 20,150 years ago. Another estimate of the inner caldera's formation date, formed during emplacement of the Bali (or Ubud ) ignimbrite, , has been dated at about 23,670 and 28,500 years ago.
The first documented eruption was in 1804 and the most recent was in 2000.

Active volcano and Lake Batur in the caldera

Lava Fountain/ Lava Emmision

The eruption that brought this volcano to be visible above the ocean is one of the most forceful across the Earth. This volcano is marked by a collapsed top, called a caldera.
The southeast wall of the inner caldera lies beneath Lake Batur Lake Batur cone has been constructed within the inner caldera to a height above the outer caldera rim. The Batur Strato volcano has produced vents over much of the inner caldera, but a NE-SW fissure system has localized the Batur I, II, and III craters along the summit ridge. Historical eruptions have been characterized by mild-to-moderate explosive activity sometimes accompanied by lava emission. Basaltic lava flows from both summit and flank vents have reached the caldera floor and the shores of Lake Batur over its history.
The caldera contains an active, 700-metre-tall stratovolcano rising above the surface of Lake Batur. The first documented eruption of Batur was in 1804, and it has been frequently active since then, most recently in 2000. The substantial lava field from the 1963 eruption is visible today when viewed from Kintamani a town on the southwest ridge of the caldera.

Villages in caldera
The caldera is populated and includes the four main villages of Kedisan, Songan, Trunyan and Toya Bungkah, among a total of 15 villages. The locals largely rely on agriculture for income but tourism has become increasingly popular due to the relatively straightforward trek to the summit of the central crater.
Global Geopark Network

On 20 September 2012 UNESCO made Mount Batur Caldera a part of the Global Geopark Network.

Sedimentation
Heavy sedimentation in Mount Batur Caldera decreases the water in the lake. A plan was devised to restrict locations around the lake for tourist accommodations, to inform residents of the problems of fish farm cages in the lake, and perhaps to dredge some of the natural sedimentation from volcanic ash.^[8]
The lake is subject to water pollution from fishing and agricultural run off, promoting the growth of too many water hyacinth further worsening conditions in the lake, causing some to wonder if the lake will disappear between heavy sedimentation at the bottom and a dense cover of water hyacinths.

Lake Batur
Lake Batur

The lake is inside of the caldera of an active volcano, Mount Batur, located along the Ring of Fire of volcanic activity.

Lake Batur
Lake Batur is a big volcanic crater lake that sits across from Kintamani village.
Lake Batur
Besides being a photogenic lake that’s great for drone photos, there are also tour companies that will let you do canoeing on the lake.

Water Hyacinth (weed)

Rice Terraces in Tegalalang Village Gianyar

Subak Irrigation system/ Unique Bali's irrigation method

Tegalalang Rice Terrace comprises a series of cascading rice fields. A UNESCO World Heritage site, the area is especially popular during sunrise and sunset.
To reach that spot now you have two options, you can either walk from the huge new Tegalalang swing complex (Uma Ceking), which will cost 50k IDR (USD $3.50), or you can use the slightly quicker route which begins on the other side of the valley.
This option costs 10k IDR (USD $0.70) and cuts around 15 minutes off the walk time.

The Upper Pool / The Infinity pool at Tegalalang
The upper pool is perfect for swimming or lounging, while the lower pool is more like a small plunge pool, but it’s hidden beneath the larger pool so feels completely secluded.
The Lower Infinity Pool

Even if you don’t fancy a dip, it’s well worth stopping by the cafe which has the same amazing views and lots of comfy seating, including some cute swinging chairs at the bar.
The Tengalalong Swing
The Tengalalong Swing

The first time we visited Tegalalang, there were a few swings dotted around, and one main swing which is the one you commonly saw on Instagram. As with the rest of Bali, swings have now popped up all over the place. Tis Cafe even has its own, which is the cheapest you can saw at just 50k IDR (USD $3.50) - although it didn’t swing out that far.

Family Swing

As well as a couple of bigger swings there’s a family swing which doesn’t go out too far.

A family Swing

At Tengalalong

A lovelier area if you don’t want to walk far, but want to see a prettier section, is to start the walk from Tis Cafe. It’s just 500m long (return) and both beautiful and well maintained.
There’s a hill to climb but it doesn’t take long.

It’s super popular and staff will swing you out, so that someone else can take your photo. If you only want to do one swing though, it’s pretty expensive.
Other things to know before visiting Tegalalang Rice Terrace

They aren’t always green! When the rice has been harvested you’ll have a period of time where the terraces are brown. Obviously this is not very pretty and it’s not really worth visiting at this time. Exact dates for harvesting vary so the best thing to do is ask around, drivers often know as they’re visiting often, or use Instagram - but beware of this as some posts are not made in real time.
Sunrise is the most beautiful time to visit but stick around for at least 30 minutes afterwards. We thought this was actually the prettiest light and most people who come to photograph sunrise had already left.
Bring some small change. You’ll have to pay a donation of 10k IDR if using our preferred route and you may also need to (or want to!) give a donation to farmers along the way if you see them. You used to be asked for 20k IDR in the main photo spot area, although we weren’t on our most recent visit.
Due to its popularity parking is now heavily restricted at Tegalalang. There is a car park at our favourite entry point, at Uma Ceking and an area to park at Tis Cafe (scooters only). There are many other additional car parks just off the main road, but they have longer walk times.
Getting to Tegalalang Rice Terrace
Tegalalang Rice Terrace is located just under a 20 minute drive from Ubud. It’s a good road which isn’t steep or especially windy, so it’s fine on a scooter. If coming for sunrise watch out for activity along the roads because people will be heading off to the market. If you’re not feeling confident then you can hire a driver which is fairly inexpensive in Bali.
If you’d like to go with a driver instead of independently we’d recommend our friend Wayan (based in Ubud). We’ve done loads of trips with him over the years and he’s easy going, patient and always gives you a fair price.
Just to be clear we don’t get any kickbacks from recommending him, but we’d love to send him some business as he’s always been brilliant for us.
If coming from areas other than Ubud, Tegalalang Rice Terrace is just over an hour away from Kuta or Canggu.
Tegalalang Rice Terrace Entrance Fee
There are two different entry fees depending on where you choose to access the terraces. You may also be able to use certain entrances for free, but they aren’t in the best locations in our opinion.
On the eastern side of the valley - along Jalan Raya Cebok - the fee is 10k IDR (USD $0.70) and from Ume Ceking it’s 50k IDR (USD $3.50), or it’s included in the price of the ticket if you’re planning on using the swing.
Landowners may also ask for money if you want to walk across their rice terrace for photos (on the far side of the terraces). It's pretty small (20k, just over $1.40 USD), so see it as a friendly donation to the locals to witness this stunning area.

Subak (Irrigation)

Balinese altar at Rice terraces of Gunung Batukaru

Tabanan regency is one of the regencies in Bali own the widest rice field, so that frequently this regency is called by the Rice Barn of Bali Island. Sanggulan countryside has been choose as a place of Subak Museum because considering that Subak Rijasa in this regency that in year 1979 have reached the National Champion in Intensification Program that lifting Bali’s name in the national level. This system is very famous in foreign countries because own the similar irrigating system like Fai in Thailand and Zangera in Philippine with the chasm and its specification do not like Subak which is existing in Bali. Includes :

Includes
Supreme Water Temple Pura Ulun Danu Batur
Lake Batur
Subak Landscape of Pekerisan Watershed
Subak Landscape of Catur Angga Batukaru
Royal Water Temple Pura Taman Ayun

Subak is the water management (irrigation) system for the paddy fields on Bali island, Indonesia . It was developed in the 9th century . For the Balinese , irrigation is not simply providing water for the plant's roots, but water is used to construct a complex, pulsed artificial ecosystem. The system consists of five terraced rice fields and water temples covering nearly 20,000 hectares (49,000 acres). The temples are the main focus of this cooperative water management, known as subak.

Religious relationship
Subak is a traditional ecologically sustainable irrigation system that binds Balinese agrarian society together within the village's Bale Banjar community center and Balinese temples. The water management is under the authority of the priests in water temples, who practice Tri Hita Karana  Philosophy :
Harmony with God
Harmony among people
Harmony with nature or environment )
a self-described relationship between humans, the earth and the gods. Tri Hita Karana draws together the realm of spirit, the human world and nature. The overall subak system exemplifies this philosophical principle. Water temple rituals promote a harmonious relationship between people and their environment through the active engagement of people with ritual concepts that emphasize dependence on the life-sustaining forces of the natural world. Rice is seen as the gift of god, and the subak system is part of temple culture.

System
Subak components are the forests that protect the water supply, terraced paddy landscape, rice  fields connected by a system of canals, tunnels and weirs , villages, and temples of varying size and importance that mark either the source of water or its passage through the temple on its way downhill to irrigate subak land. Rice, the water required to grow rice, and subak, the cooperative canal system that controls the water, have together shaped the landscape over the past thousand years. Water from springs and canals flows through the temples and out onto the rice paddy field. In total, Bali has about 1,200 water collectives and between 50 and 400 farmers manage the water supply from one source of water. The property consists of five sites that exemplify the interconnected natural, religious, and cultural components of the traditional subak system.
The sites include:
the Supreme Water Temple of Pura Ulun Danu Batur on the edge of Mount Batur  crater lake, (Lake Batur) is regarded as the ultimate origin of every spring and river;
the Subak landscape of the Pakerisan river watershed the oldest known irrigation system in Bali;
the Subak landscape of Catur Angga Batukaru  with terraces mentioned in a 10th-century inscription making them amongst the oldest in Bali and prime examples of Classical Balinese temple architecture; and the Royal Water temple of Pura Taman Ayun , the largest and most architecturally distinguished regional water temple, exemplifying the fullest expansion of the subak system under the largest Bali Kingdom  of the 17th century.
These architectural sites are inspired by several different ancient religious traditions, including Shaiva Siddhanta  and Samkhya  Hinduism, Vajrayana  Buddhism and Austronesian  cosmology.

World Heritage Site status
On 6 July 2012, subak was enlisted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy, consist of Supreme Water Temple Pura Ulun Danu Batur and Lake Batur, Subak Landscape of Pakerisan Watershed, Subak Landscape of Catur Angga Baturkaru, and Royal Temple of Taman Ayun has been inscribed upon a World Heritage List of The Conservation concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Inscription on this list confirms the outstanding universal value of cultural or natural property which deserves protection for the benefit of all humanity.

Museum
In 1981, the Subak Museum  opened in Tabanan Regency.

Gallery
Jatiluwih Rice Terrace

Mount Batur & Lake

Ulun Danu Batur Temple

Pura Tirth Empul Bali Indonesia

Royal Temple of Taman Ayun Bali

Balinese Water Spout Statue in Goa Gajah petirtaan (sacred bathing pool)

BATIK PAINTING in Batubulan Village

PAINTING and WOOD CARVING at MAS village

Tegenungan Waterfall

Tegenungan Waterfall Ubud

Tegenungan Waterfall is a waterfall in Bali Indonesia . It is located at the village of Tegenungan Kemenuh, also known as Kemenuh Village on the Petanu River in the Gianyar Regency, north from the capital Denpasar and close to the Balinese artist village of Ubud . The waterfall is isolated but has become a popular tourist attraction. It is one of the few waterfalls in Bali that is not situated in highlands or mountainous territory. The amount and clarity of the water at the site depend on rainfall but it contains green surroundings with fresh water that can be swum in. The waterfall includes varying highs that can be climbed after the descent down stairs to reach it. This attraction also features a viewing point to the jungle and waterfall at the main entrance.
Luwak Coffee plantation Bali
BALI COFEE PLANTATION OR KNOWN AS BALI AGROTOURISM IS PLACE TO SEE A VARIOUS TROPICAL PLANTATION AND THE FAMOUS COFFEE LUWAK

Bali Coffee Plantation

Dubbed as the priciest coffee in the world, Luwak coffee (also called civet coffee) has drawn interests from coffee aficionados around the world. Here you’ll be shown the traditional process of coffee-making and interesting information about how the civet cats eat the coffee and poop the beans out undigested. You will have the chance to sample a tasteful cup of Luwak coffee (totally hygiene) as well as 5 cups of different coffee varieties and 5 cups of teas (total 11 cups) for free

Bali Coffee Plantation or known with popular name Bali Agrotourism, is a place to see various Tropical plantations such as coffee robusta, pineapple, Balinese snake fruit (salak), plain Balinese potatoes, fruit stars, cacao, jack fruit, durian tree and many more, experience to see how to make Balinese coffee in very traditional ways, and taste the fresh of Balinese coffee or ginger tea with green view river valley and also They sell variety of theirs original Balinese coffee products, herb oil and etc and see the civet cat the most expensive coffee maker, well known as Luwak , its produce "Coffee Luwak" No Entrance Fee

Snake Fruit (Salak)

Salacca, or snake fruit, belongs to the Palmae family or is an Arecaceae plant that is native to the Indonesian/Malaysian region. These trees are grown for their clustered fruit found at the tree base. The fruit has a scaly, red exterior and therefore received its name: snake fruit.
Star Fruit
Star Fruit

Star fruit has a sweet flavor with a slightly sour undertone and a juicy, firm flesh like a grape.

Luwak Coffee
History of Coffee Luwak
Coffee Luwak has a unique history behind the legend. In the early 18th century the Dutch established coffee plantations on the volcanic islands of the Dutch East Indies. This Coffee Luwak Arabica coffee hails from the mystical island of Bali.

During the early years Dutch Coffee Plantation owners forbade the local natives from harvesting and brewing the coffee beans for their own consumption. The indigenous people, being resourceful, soon discovered that the asian palm civet, favored eating coffee beans. These Luwak beans were collected, washed, sun dried and then roasted to produce a coffee with a deep richness, minus the acidity. The process of the bean passing through the digestive tract of the civet chemically alters the proteins in the Kopi Luwak coffee bean to yield more complex and smooth flavors, not found in conventional coffees.

The resulting coffee is said to be like no other in the world (literally). It has a rich, heavy flavor with hints of caramel and/or chocolate. Other terms used to describe it are earthy, musty and exotic. The body can be syrupy and it's the smoothest coffee you will ever have.

One must wonder how this coffee came to be. How was it discovered ? Who thought of drinking coffee in which an animal would eat and then expel ? There are many theories out there but personally this one is my favorite. It is theorized that local low income families and natives could not afford to purchase coffee since they barely had enough to survive. Therefore they picked up the Luwak's dropping and prepared them for roasting. Of course they were all well cleaned and proper steps were taken to make sure it was consumable. Guess what? Now this coffee luwak is known as a worldwide delicacy.
Day 6 17 JUNE :
After breakfast, Eastern BALI Tour. Morning around 7.30am tour to visit LEMPUYANG TEMPLE (HEAVENLY GATE). It is a Balinese Hindu Temple east of Bali, located on the slope of Mount Lempuyang, 600 meter above sea level. Known on the island as one of the most highly regarded temples in Bali, it has become more popular in recent years amongst tourists who visit Bali to witness the view amongst the clouds and capture some beautiful photos of the temple and its surrounding area. Noon visit TIRTA GANGGA and at the same time for having Indonesian lunch over there at local restaurant. Tirta Gangga was the King Palace of Karangasem regency last over 100 years ago which is now managed as a tourist object for pleasure. It has beautiful traditional water park with a huge of water fountain and wide pond and set secluded between the green hills, rice paddy and surrounded by fresh atmosphere located at Abang Sub-district, Karangasem Regency.
On the way back will be visiting the BAT CAVE TEMPLE in GOA LAWAH Village, so called for thousands of bats, which inhabit around the cave, and the site of one of Bali’s most significant temples. Then back to hotel. (including Lunch).

Lempuyang Temple (Heavenly Gate)
(God that shines a bright light)

A Window to East Bali's Wonder
Hindu temple in Indonesia

The name is very fitting since the temple is located on the east of the island where the sun can be seen rising in the morning beautifully right through the Gate of Heaven. There are three levels in Lempuyang Temple. The first level can be visited by tourists, while the rest are reserved for praying.

One of the highest temples in Bali, Lempuyang Temple  is a sacred Hindu temple standing among the lush hills of Karangasem. The soothing surroundings and the picturesque Gate of Heaven, combined with the breezy atmosphere of the hilly area, has made the temple  a favored destination worth a visit during the stay in The Island of Gods.
The name of the temple itself is believed to be taken from the words "lempu" and "hyang". "Lempu" means light, while "hyang" is a designation for God. Therefore, Lempuyang Temple means a God that shines a bright light. The name is very fitting since the temple is located on the east of the island where the sun can be seen rising in the morning beautifully right through the Gate of Heaven.
Three Long
The temple also consists of seven complexes, each having a different charm.

HOW TO GET THERE
There are two ways you can reach Lempuyang Temple. From Denpasar, you can stick to Jl. Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Mantra and make your way passing Keramas Beach, Bali Safari & Marine Park, Bias Tugel Beach, and Candidasa Beach, until you have reached Amlapura City. Here, you’ll find the temple in the north of the city, sitting on the eastern slope of Mount Lempuyang.

Alternatively, you can also reach Amlapura City by passing through a town called Semarapura in Klungkung Regency once you’ve passed Keramas Beach instead. From Semarapura, you can take Jl. Raya Besakih then turn east to make your way through Selat District as well as Bebandem District.

Usually, it takes about 2 hours of travel or even more depending on the traffic. Once you’ve reached the temple’s parking lot, you still have to continue the journey by walking for about 5 to 10 minutes before entering the temple. Ojek (motorbike ride service) is available around here if you’d like to reach the temple faster.

Once you’ve entered the temple to take photos around the Gate of Heaven, remember to keep complying with the (CHSE)  (cleanliness, health, safety, and environmental sustainability) protocols. Wear your mask, keep your distance from others, and wash your hands regularly.

Address: Tri Buana, Abang, Karangasem Regency, Bali 80852, Indonesia
Hours:  Closes 9 pm
Province: Bali
In the east of Bali , there stands a magnificent gate that has become a popular spot among tourists all over the world, thanks to the view and atmosphere it provides. Aligned perfectly across the mighty Mount Agung  from afar, the spot that has been known widely as the Gate of Heaven , can be found within Lempuyang Temple.

Tirth Ganga
(Royal Palace)

Unwind to the serenity of Tirth Ganga
Tirta Gangga is a former royal palace in eastern Bali Indonesia , about 5 kilometres from Karangasem , near Abang . Named after the sacred river Ganges in Hinduism, it is noted for the Karangasem royal water palace, bathing pools and its Patirthan temple. The one hectare complex was built in 1946 by the late King of Karangsem but was destroyed almost entirely by the eruption of nearby Mount Agung in 1963.

One of the fountains in Tirta Gangga water palace, Bali, Indonesia

Tirta Gangga is based on the beliefs in Balinese Hinduism , where river Ganges and its waters are considered sacred. Its waters are cherished for irrigation and agricultural abundance, recreation and economic activity. The Patirthan temple illustrates the historic significance of Tirta Gangga in the Balinese tradition as a pilgrimage and holy water site.

Tirth Ganga Water Gardens

Koi fish can cost anywhere from $10 to $20,000. It depends on their size, shape, and coloring. Koi can grow to over 3 feet long. The favored shape is torpedo-like.
One of the fountains in Tirta Gangga water palace, Bali, Indonesia

Pond at Tirtha Ganga Water Palace

Swimming pool at Tirth Ganga Water Palace

Fountain at Tirth Ganga Water Palace

Around Lempuyang Temple, you can also encounter many other stunning landmarks. Look no further than the gorgeous Tirta Gangga. Located to the southwest, Tirth Gangga is a garden featuring a pool full of koi fish where numerous intricate statues can be seen standing gracefully above it. Taken from the famous Ganges River in India, the name was chosen as a form of respect for the Hindu community across the world. It was built in 1946 by Anak Agung Anglurah Ketut Karangasem Agung; the king of Karangasem Kingdom at the time.
Koi Fish
The tourist attraction that is known for its iconic fish pond that was filled with beautiful koi fish was destroyed by an increased water level due to the higher intensity rain that occurred recently in most of the Karangasem region. The management of Tirta Gangga, AA Made Kosalya confirmed that the water from the damaged fish pond carried all the fish to the river and nearby rice fields.
He also asked the nearby villagers to bring back the koi fish that they might find to Tirta Gangga in order to reduce their potential loss from the incident. “They have announced to the local community in this area to bring back the fish as they would receive $0.35 USD (IDR 5,000) per fish as reward.” Kosalya concluded.

Lily Pads

Bat Cave Temple Goa Lawah Village

The cave was incredible with the roof completely covered in bats.

Pura Goa Lawah

Pura Goa Lawah

Across the road is a black sand beach so this location is worth the visit.The temple itself is small but pretty. The cave is full of bats but you can’t enter the caves because as the guide told us, there are snakes in the cave...At the end of the tour the guide will shows you the Balinese Calendar which he also wants you to buy

Tourist wearing Sarong

Snakes inside the bat cave

Be careful with the really pushy sellers trying to sell you a sarong as you get out of your car. You don't have to buy one, you can borrow one for free at the entrance.
The cave was incredible with the roof completely covered in bats.
Here people put necklace on you “for free for good luck” but later on they use this against you to push you to buy something.

The several dozen or more bats hanging from the cave - easily visible from a distant .. you don’t have to walk much .. was pretty cool.The secret to this place is to arrive about an hour before sunset with a driver that knows all about the legends. Just after sunset all the bats start to exit the cave which lasts for about an hour.

Bat Cave Temple because, big surprise, the cave at the rear of the temple area is absolutely crammed full of bats - not the little ones but the big old scary ones! We were lucky enough to be able to sit in on a ceremony - a kind of funeral/remembrance service, which was both emotive and interesting and during the ceremony the bats busied themselves flying in and out of the cave - fascinating. The welcome at the temple was the warmest we received anywhere in Bali. I would recommend this temple is definitely on your shortlist.

These small shrines in the inner sanctum of Pura Goa Lawah mark cave's opening.

Pura Goa Lawah in early 20th-century, showing porcelain ceramic plates decoration.

Carving at Pura Goa Lawah

Bat temple ornaments inlaid with gold at Pura Goa Lawah.

Pura Goa Lawah (Balinese "Bat Cave Temple") is a Balinese Hindu temple or a pura located in Klungkung , Bali, Indonesia .

Pura Goa Lawah is often included among the Sad Kahyangan Jagad, or the "six sanctuaries of the world", the six holiest places of worship on Bali. Pura Goa Lawah is noted for built around a cave opening which is inhabited by bats, hence its name, the Goa Lawah or "bat cave".

Description

Pura Goa Lawah is located in the village of Pesinggahan, Klungkung Regency, Bali. The large complex of Pura Goa Lawah is located on the north side of Jalan Raya Goa Lawah main road, on the beach of Goa Lawah.

They are the pivotal points of the island and are meant to provide spiritual balance to Bali. The number of these most sacred sanctuaries always adds up six, but depending on the region, the specific temples that are listed may vary.

History

Pura Goa Lawah was established in the 11th century by Mpu Kuturan. Mpu Kuturan was one of the early priests who introduced Hinduism on Bali. The temple complex may start as the center of meditation for priests. When the Dutch attacked the Klungkung kingdom of 1849 in the War of Kusamba, the temple was one of the key points during the war. The conflict in the War of Kusamba was between the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army led by Andreas Victor Michiels and the Klungkung kingdom led by Dewa Agung IstriKanya.

The temple decoration evolves as time progress. In the early 20th-century, porcelain ceramic plates attached into the shrines and gates of Pura Goa Lawah are common. This treatment can still be found in other old temples in Bali such as Pura Kehen. Today, the porcelain ceramic plates decoration on the shrines and gates has been reduced.

Temple Compound

The compound of Pura Goa Lawah is built over a hilly outcrop. It is divided into three areas: the outer sanctum of the temple (jaba pisan or nistaning mandala), the middle sanctum (jaba tengah or madya mandala), and the inner main sanctum (jero or utamaning mandala).

The entrance to the temple complex is marked with a candi bentar gate. A bale kulkul (pavilion to keep a drum) is placed to the west of this entrance. Within the first courtyard of the temple, the outer sanctum or the jaba pisan, there are three pavilions (bale) located in three corners of the temple complex. One of the pavilions is the bale gong, where the gamelan set is kept for musical performance. Access to the middle sanctum or jaba tengah is located to the west of the outer sanctum.

Fruit Bat

Three paduraksa portals mark the entrance to the innermost sanctum of the temple (jero). The inner main sanctum consists of three meru towers, one of which is dedicated to Shiva. Several smaller shrines are nested into a cave, where hordes of nectar bats rest. The entrance to the mouth of the cave is marked with the candi bentar gates. Other shrines is a bale pavilion adorned with motifs of Naga Basuki flanking its steps. Naga Basuki is a primordial dragon who is believed to keep the balance of the cosmos.

Bat
Blood Sisters
What vampire bats can teach us friendship.
Fruit bats resting on trees

Bat Species

Bats leaving their caves at dusk

Long Tongued Nectar Bat

Bats are well represented, perhaps the most famous place to encounter them remaining is the Goa Lawah (Temple of the Bats) where they are worshipped by the locals and also constitute a tourist attraction. They also occur in other cave temples, for instance at Gangga Beach.

Bats are mammals  of the order  Chiroptera  With their forelimbs adapted as wings , they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight.. Bats are more agile in flight than most birds, flying  with their very long spread-out digits covered with a thin membrane or paragium. The smallest bat, and arguably the smallest extant mammal, , is Kitti's hog bose bat,, which is 29–34 millimetres (1+1⁄8+1⁄8–1+3⁄8+3⁄8 inches) in length, 150 mm (6 in) across the wings and 2–2.6 g (1⁄16–3⁄32 oz) in mass. The largest bats are the flying foxes , with the giant golden crowned flying fox   (Acerodon jubatus) reaching a weight of 1.6 kg (3+1⁄2+1⁄2 lb) and having a wingspan of 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in).
Vampire Bat

Vampire Bat

The second largest order of mammals after rodents, bats comprise about 20% of all classified mammal species worldwide, with over 1,400 species. These were traditionally divided into two suborders: the largely fruit-eating megabats , and the echolocating microbats . But more recent evidence has supported dividing the order into Yinptero chiroptera  and Yangochiroptera , with megabats as members of the former along with several species of microbats. Many bats are insectivorous , and most of the rest are fructivores  (fruit-eaters) or nectarivores  (nectar-eaters). A few species feed on animals other than insects; for example, the vampire bats feed on blood . Most bats are nocturnal , and many roost in caves or other refuges; it is uncertain whether bats have these behaviours to escape predators. Bats are present throughout the world, with the exception of extremely cold regions. They are important in their ecosystems for pollinating flowers  and dispersing seeds; many tropical plants depend entirely on bats for these services.

Bats provide humans with some direct benefits, at the cost of some disadvantages. Bat dung has been mined as guano  from caves and used as fertiliser. Bats consume insect pests, reducing the need for pesticides  and other insect management measures. They are sometimes numerous enough and close enough to human settlements to serve as tourist attractions, and they are used as food across Asia and the Pacific rim  . However, fruit bats are frequently considered pests by fruit growers. Due to their physiology, bats are one type of animal that acts as a natural reservoir  of many pathogens, , such as rabies, ; and since they are highly mobile, social, and long-lived, they can readily spread disease among themselves. If humans interact with bats, these traits become potentially dangerous to humans. Some bats are also predators of mosquitoes, suppressing the transmission of mosquito born diseases.

Depending on the culture, bats may be symbolically associated with positive traits, such as protection from certain diseases or risks, rebirth, or long life, but in the West, bats are popularly associated with darkness, malevolence, witchcraft, vampires , and death.
Bat Facts
Bats are winged, flying mammals in the order Chiroptera. They are the only mammals capable of true, flapping flight.
The name Chiroptera is derived from the Greek words “cheir” and “pteron”, meaning “hand” and “wing”.
Although their wings function in a similar way to those of birds, bats don’t have feathers. Instead, their wings consist of a thin membrane stretched between the bones of the arms, elongated fingers, and legs.

Free tailed bat

Bats are found in most habitats apart from extreme deserts and polar regions, and are a familiar sight in many urban areas.
There are more than 1,100 living bat species; together they represent almost 20 percent of all known mammal species.
Bats fulfil many important ecological roles, including pollinating plants, dispersing seeds and consuming vast numbers of insects.
In recent times, bats have been implicated in the spread of diseases such as SARS. Although these diseases are not naturally passed directly to humans from bats, they may originate in areas where bats and other types of animal are kept in close proximity to each other and subsequently handled or consumed by humans.

Evolutionary Origin of Bats

Bat skeletons are small and light, and as a result do not fossilize easily. There is therefore relatively little fossil evidence of early bats. Not much is known about their evolutionary history and how an early, four-legged terrestrial mammal evolved wings and the ability to fly.

The oldest-known bat species is Icaronycteris index. A complete fossil of this early bat was found in the Green River formation of Wyoming. It has been dated to the early Eocene, and thought to have lived approximately 52.2 million years ago.

Icaronycteris index Prehistoric bat fossil — **Icaronycteris index fossil.**

Icaronycteris index had a wingspan of 37 centimeters (15 in). At the end of each of its first wing fingers was a claw. The species is believed to have hunted using echolocation, just like modern microbats .
The fossil gives few clues about how, or when, the forelimbs of bats first became adapted as wings.

Types of Bats

Traditionally, the order Chiroptera has been divided into two main groups: microbats (suborder Microchiroptera), and megabats (suborder Megachiroptera).

Microbats (Suborder Microchiroptera)

Lesser Horseshoe Bats — **Lesser horseshoe bats – members of the microbat suborder Microchiroptera – at roost.**

There are around 930 species of microbats. Together they make up the suborder Microchiroptera.

Microbats occur all over the world. Most are insectivorous (insect-eating) and use echolocation, rather than sight, to locate their prey.

Kitti’s hog-nosed bat (Craseonycteris thonglongyai), also known as the bumblebee bat, is not only the world’s smallest bat, but also the world’s smallest mammal. This tiny microbat weighs just 0.1 oz (2.5 g) and has a wingspan of 6 in (150 mm).

Kitti’s hog-nosed bat / bumblebee bat

world’s smallest mammal.

Megabats (suborder Megachiroptera)

Indian Flying Fox Bats — **Indian flying foxes belong to the megabat suborder Megachiroptera.**

The 197 species of megabat that make up the suborder Megachiroptera feed predominantly on fruit, pollen and nectar. This group includes the fruit bats found in tropical regions in the Old World.
Most megabats do not echolocate and instead depend on sight and smell to find their food.
The largest of all bat species, the giant golden-crowned flying fox (Acerodon jubatus), is a megabat; it can weigh up to 3.5 lb. (1.6 kg) and has a wingspan of over 5 ft (1.5 m).
The classification of bats is a difficult business and there is still debate over which groups of bats belong together in each suborder.

Giant golden-crowned flying fox

Characteristics of Bats

Wings and Flight

Bat wings consist of a thin membrane, the patagium, which extends from the shoulders, around the tips of the fingers, all the way to the feet. This membrane continues from inside each leg, and either partially, or wholly, encloses the tail.

The patagium is richly supplied with blood vessels that supply oxygen to the muscles. Because of this, bats can lose a lot of heat from their wings as they fly.

It’s thought that bats are able to absorb oxygen directly from the air into the blood vessels in their thin wings.

Bats have relatively large hearts, when compared to similarly sized mammals in different orders; this is another adaptation to supply oxygen while in flight.

The elongated fingers of a bat are flexible and under individual control, just like your own fingers. This enables bats to make fine adjustments to the shape of their wings and allows for quick changes in direction.

Megabats generally have 2 claws on each hand, whereas the microbats have only one – on the thumb. These claws are used for clinging to surfaces, such as tree trunks, rock faces and walls, and enable bats to clamber around.

When roosting, a bat folds its wings and may wrap them around its body to help regulate its temperature.

Echolocation

Virginia big eared bat — **Big eared bat, a subspecies of Townsend’s big-eared bat.**

Most of the microbats, as well as some species of megabat, use echolocation to detect prey and obstacles in their environment while hunting at night.

These bats send out a stream of very loud clicks. The sounds bounce off structures and return to the bat in the form of echoes, helping the bat to build up a ‘picture’ of its surroundings.

The sounds produced by a bat while echolocating are at too high a frequency for humans to hear. Bats have evolved elaborate external ears, and noses shaped like disks or leaves, that help them receive the incoming echoes.

Studies have shown that bats often use their wing and tail membranes to scoop up their insect prey and direct it towards their mouth; this leaves the head area free to continue with the process of echolocation until the last moment, when the prey is eaten.

Some insect species produce similar ultrasonic sounds, effectively tricking a hungry bat into thinking that it is about to fly into an obstacle. This causes the bat to change course, allowing the insect to fly away unharmed.

Bat Behavior

**Many bats, including these Indiana bats, spend the days in communal roosts.**

Almost all bat species are nocturnal, beginning their foraging as dusk falls. This helps them to remain cool and to avoid daytime predators.
During the daytime, bats roost in dark, secluded places such as caves, crevices and abandoned buildings, or in the dense canopies of trees.
While roosting bats use their claws to either hang upside down or cling to a surface.
Many species go into a state of torpor during their day-time roost. This can see their body temperatures dropping to between 43 and 86 °F (6 and 30 °C),
This energy-saving adaptation is important; bats store very little fat, as this would make them heavier and affect their flying ability.
Many bat species either undergo seasonal hibernation, during which they avoid extreme environmental conditions, or migrate to more hospitable locations.

Bat Diet And Feeding

Bats need to eat large quantities of food due to their high metabolic rates and the high energetic demands of flying.

Frugivorous (fruit-eating) bats may consume as much as twice their own body weight in fruit each night. They often take ripe fruit back to their roost, where they suck out the juice, leaving the pulp and seeds to fall to the ground.

Nectarivores (nectar-eating species) have elongated snouts and very long, thin tongues that end in bristles; this enables them to reach into the tube of a flower and collect the sugary nectar. As they push their heads into the flower, pollen becomes stuck to their fur; they carry this pollen to the next flower and so act as pollinating agents.

The flowers of many species of plant open only at night to allow for pollination by bats.

Insectivorous bats prey on a wide variety of night-flying insects, including moths, mosquitoes, crickets, beetles and flies. They may consume up to 120 percent of their body mass in insects each night.

Research has shown that the little brown bat Myotis lucifugus can capture 500-600 mosquitoes per hour.

There are bat species that eat other types of food, including fish, frogs and lizards, but they are not as common.

The three species of vampire bat that make up the subfamily Desmodontinae feed only on blood. These bats, which are found in Central and South America, have razor-sharp incisors that are used to make a cut in the skin of a sleeping mammal or bird. The bat then laps up the blood as it flows from the wound.

Social Structure and Breeding

Most bat species are social, living in large groups and forming communal roosts. They can recognize individuals and form bonds through sharing food and grooming one another.
Living in large groups helps reduce an individual’s chance of being predated, and improves the chance of mating and breeding.
Most bats are polygynous, meaning that one male mates with several females. The young are born mostly in spring, and each female gives birth to only one young pup.
In many species, the pregnant females form maternity colonies, where they help each other with birthing and caring for the offspring.
Pups are born hairless and underdeveloped, but able to cling steadfastly to their mother’s fur. In less than 80 days, the young are weaned, covered in fur, and able to fly.

Relationship With Humans

Throughout history, people have associated bats with graveyards, witches and the underworld. In fables from long ago, witches are described as riding on their broomsticks, against a full moon, and accompanied by a cloud of bats.

As a consequence, many people see bats as creatures to be feared and reviled. Even the Bible (Deut. 14) tells us that bats fall into the category of unclean animals that must not be eaten.

In truth, bats are largely undeserving of their bad reputation. They play an important ecological role and in many parts of the world their presence is highly beneficial to humans.

Bats consume huge quantities of insects and help balance insect populations. Studies suggest that in the USA alone bats save farmers $3.8 billion per year by eating potential pests.

Nectarivorous bats are important pollinators of many plants in tropical and subtropical regions, including at least 200 economically important species, such as bananas, mangoes, dates, figs, peaches and avocados.

In addition, bat droppings (guano) are a source of fertilizer that can be used to enrich soil for farming.

Despite these useful ecological contributions, bats remain disliked and maligned by people in many parts of the world. These negative views of bats are not always without justification.

Fruit bats can cause damage to fruits grown for human consumption, and the cuts inflicted by vampire bats on domestic livestock provide sites in which parasites may lay eggs, leading to infections.

Bats also harbor pests and diseases that are transmissible to humans. These include ectoparasites such as fleas and mites that can also infest humans. More seriously, bat colonies are natural reservoirs for rabies and viral encephalitis (Nipah), both of which can kill humans.

In recent times, bats have been implicated in the emergence of SARS (Sever Acute Respiratory Syndrome), and other coronaviruses, including COVID-19

It is important to note that bats do not infect people with these diseases directly; instead, it is human activities such as keeping bats in poor conditions alongside other species, and the handling and consumption of bats and other species, that enable viruses to pass to humans.

Bats are hunted for food by people in parts of Africa, Asia and the Pacific Rim, and in some regions are considered a delicacy.

Borobudur Temple

Borobudur Temple / World's Largest Buddhist Temple
Borobudur, also transcribed Barabudur (Indonesia: Candi Borobudur, Javanese : ꦕꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦧꦫꦧꦸꦝꦸꦂ, romanized: Candhi Barabudhur) is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang Regency, not far from the city of Magelang  and the town of Muntilan , in Central Java, Indonesia . It is the world's largest Buddhist temple  The temple consists of nine stacked platforms, six square and three circular, topped by a central dome . It is decorated with 2,672 relief  panels and originally 504 Buddha Statues . The central dome is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues, each seated inside a perforated stupa.
Built in the 9th century during the reign of the Sailendra Dynasty, the temple design follows Javanese Buddhist architecture, which blends the Indonesia  indigenous tradition of ancestor worship  and the Buddhist concept of attaining nirvana The temple demonstrates the influences of Gupta  art that reflects India's  influence on the region, yet there are enough indigenous scenes and elements incorporated to make Borobudur uniquely Indonesian. The monument is a shrine  to the Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage . The pilgrim journey begins at the base of the monument and follows a path around the monument, ascending to the top through three levels symbolic of Buddhist cosmology : Kamadhatu (the world of desire), Rupadhatu  (the world of forms) and Arupadhatu  (the world of formlessness). The monument guides pilgrims through an extensive system of stairways and corridors with 1,460 narrative relief panels on the walls and the balustrades . Borobudur has one of the largest and most complete ensembles of Buddhist reliefs in the world.
Evidence suggests that Borobudur was constructed in the 9th century and subsequently abandoned following the 14th-century decline of Hindu  kingdoms in Java and the Javanese  conversion to Islam. Worldwide knowledge of its existence was sparked in 1814 by Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles, then the British ruler of Java,  who was advised of its location by native Indonesians. Borobudur has since been preserved through several restorations. The largest restoration project was undertaken between 1975 and 1982 by the Indonesian government and UNESCO, followed by the monument's listing as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Borobudur is the largest Buddhist temple in the world, and ranks with Bagan in Myanmar and Angkor Wat in Cambodia as one of the great archeological sites of Southeast Asia. Borobudur remains popular for pilgrimage, with Buddhist in Indonesia celebrating Vesak Day  at the monument. Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited tourist attraction.

Architecture of Indonesia

Pagaruyung Palace A Minangkabau Architecture from west Sumatra. Indonesian Architecture

Rumah Adah Traditional house
Rumah Adat

Traditional house. Its post beam
Construction with flexible nail less joints, and non load bearing walls are typical of rumah adah.
Rumah adat are traditional houses built in any of the vernacular architecture  styles of Indonesia , collectively belonging to the Austronesian architecture . The traditional houses and settlements of the several hundreds ethnic group of Indonesia   are extremely varied and all have their own specific history. It is the Indonesian variants of the whole Austronesian architecture found all over places where Austronesian people inhabited from the Pacific to Madagascar each having their own history, culture and style.
Ethnic group in Indonesia  are often associated with their own distinctive form of rumah adat The houses are at the centre of a web of customs, social relations, traditional laws, taboos, myths and religions that bind the villagers together. The house provides the main focus for the family and its community, and is the point of departure for many activities of its residents. Villagers build their own homes, or a community pools its resources for a structure built under the direction of a master builder or carpenter.The vast majority of Indonesians no longer live in rumah adat, and the numbers have declined rapidly due to economic, technological, and social changes.
Traditional vernacular architecture
Rumah adat
The norm is for a post, beam and lintel structural system that take load straight to the ground with either wooden or bamboo  walls that are non-load bearing. Traditionally, rather than nails, mortis and tenon joints and wooden pegs are used. Natural materials  – timber, bamboo, thatch and fibre – make up rumah adat. The traditional house  of Nias  has post, beam  and lintel  construction with flexible nail-less joints, and non-load bearing walls are typical of rumah adat.
Traditional dwellings have developed to respond to Indonesia's hot and wet monsoon climate. As is common throughout Southeast Asia  and the South West Pacific, most rumah adat are built on stilts stilts, with the exception of Java and Bali. Building houses off the ground allows breezes to moderate the hot tropical temperatures; it elevates the dwelling above stormwater runoff and mud; it allows houses to be built on rivers and wetland margins; it keeps people, goods and food from dampness and moisture; lifts living quarters above malaria -carrying mosquitos ; and reduces the risk of dry rot  and termites  The sharply inclined roof allows the heavy tropical rain to quickly sheet off, and large overhanging eaves  keep water out of the house and provide shade in the heat. In hot and humid low-lying coastal regions, homes can have many windows providing good cross-ventilation, whereas in cooler mountainous interior areas, homes often have a vast roof and few windows.

Batak Toba House

Ethnic groups in Indonesia are often associated with their own distinctive form of rumah The houses are at the centre of a web of customs, social relations, traditional laws, taboos, myths and religions that bind the villagers together. The house provides the main focus for the family and its community, and is the point of departure for many activities of its residents. Villagers build their own homes, or a community will pool their resources for a structure built under the direction of a master builder and/or a carpenter.The majority of Indonesian peoples share a common Austronesian ancestry, and traditional homes of Indonesia share a number of characteristics with houses from other Austronesian regions. The earliest Austronesian structures were communal timber longhouses on stilts, with steep sloping roofs and heavy gables, as seen in, for example, the Batak rumah adat and the Torajan Tongkonan Variations on the communal longhouse principle are found among the Dayak People of Borneo, as well as the Mentawai people.

Example

Traditional Toraja house

Traditional house in Nias North Sumatra

Bugis house South Sulawesi

Traditional house Sumba

Sajowan Temple Javanese Buddhist Architecture

A number of often large and sophisticated religious structures (known as candi in Indonesia ) were built in Java during the peak of Indonesia's great Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms between the 8th and 14th centuries (see Ancient temple of java ). The earliest surviving Hindu temples in Java are at the Dieng Plateau . Thought to have originally numbered as many as 400, only 8 remain today. The Dieng structures were small and relatively plain, but architecture developed substantially and just 100 years later the second Kingdom of Mataram built the Prambanan complex near Yogyakarta ; considered the largest and finest example of Hindu architecture in Java. The World Heritage -listed Buddhist monument Borobudur was built by the Sailendra Dynasty between 750 and 850 CE, but it was abandoned shortly after its completion as a result of the decline of Buddhism and a shift of power to eastern Java. The monument contains a vast number of intricate carvings that tell a story as one moves through to the upper levels, metaphorically reaching enlightenment . With the decline of the Mataram Kingdom before 929 CE, eastern Java became the focus of religious architecture with an exuberant style reflecting Shaivite , Buddhist and Javanese influences; a fusion that was characteristic of religion throughout Java. Archaeologists usually differentiate between the more monumental Central Javanese style and the smaller and more spread-out East Javanese candi, although Candi Badut, in the east Javanese city of Malang, is an example of a Central Javanese-style temple built outside that area.

Although brick was used to some extent during Indonesia's classical era, it was the Majapahit builders who mastered it, using a mortar of vine sap and palm sugar . The temples of Majapahit have a strong geometrical quality with a sense of verticality achieved through the use of numerous horizontal lines often with an almost art-deco sense of streamlining and proportion. Majapahit influences can be seen today in the enormous number of Hindu temples of varying sizes spread throughout Bali . Several significant temples can be found in every village, and shrines, even small temples found in most family homes. Although they have elements in common with global Hindu styles, they are of a style largely unique to Bali and owe much to the Majapahit era.

Balinese architecture contains many elements of ancient Hindu-Buddhist architecture, mostly are the heritage from Majapahit architectural influences. Among others are the bale pavilion, Meru architecture Meru tawer, paduraksa and candi bentar gates. Hindu-Buddhist architecture mostly were constructed between 8th to 15th-century, with subsequent tradition in Balinese architecture. However, typical ancient Javanese Hindu-Buddhist architecture has been the source of inspiration and recreated in contemporary architecture. For example, Ganjuran Church in Bantul, Yogyakarta contains a candi-like Hindu-style shrine dedicated to Jesus.

Prambanan Temple complex dedicated to Trimurti Hindu Gods Temple Complex

Bajang Ratu Gate Trowulan / An Architectural Feature making the threshold into the inner compound

Indonesian Museum Balinese Candi Bentar Split Gate marking entrance into a compound

Recreated Javanese Hindu style Temple at Ganjuran Church. A shrine dedicated to Jesus

Islamic Architecture

Although religious architecture has been widespread in Indonesia, the most significant was developed in Java. The island's long tradition of religious syncretism extended to architecture, which fostered uniquely Javanese styles of Hindu.Buddhist, Islamic, , and to a lesser extent, Christian architecture.

Minaret of Mosque located in Kudus Indonesia

Pile Houses

A fishing village of Pile Houses in the Riau Archipelago
A pile or piling is a vertical structural element of a deep foundation, driven or drilled deep into the ground at the building site.
Deep foundations of The Marina Torch, a skyscraper in Dubai

A deep foundation is a type of foundation  that transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation  does to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. A pile or piling is a vertical structural element of a deep foundation, driven or drilled deep into the ground at the building sites
.
There are many reasons that a geotechnical engineer  would recommend a deep foundation over a shallow foundation, such as for a skyscraper. Some of the common reasons are very large design loads, a poor soil  at shallow depth, or site constraints like property lines. There are different terms used to describe different types of deep foundations including the pile (which is analogous to a pole), the pier (which is analogous to a column), drilled shafts, and caissons. Piles are generally driven into the ground in situ ; other deep foundations are typically put in place using excavation and drilling. The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms. Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete  or prestressed concrete.
Pipe piles being driven into the ground / Driven pipes piles

Prefabricated  piles are driven into the ground using a pile driver . Driven piles are constructed of wood, reinforced concrete, or steel. Wooden piles are made from the trunks of tall trees. Concrete piles are available in square, octagonal, and round cross-sections (like Franki piles ). They are reinforced with rebar  and are often prestressed . Steel piles are either pipe piles or some sort of beam section (like an H-pile). Historically, wood piles used splices to join multiple segments end-to-end when the driven depth required was too long for a single pile; today, splicing is common with steel piles, though concrete piles can be spliced with mechanical and other means. Driving piles, as opposed to drilling shafts, is advantageous because the soil displaced by driving the piles compresses the surrounding soil, causing greater friction against the sides of the piles, thus increasing their load bearing capacity. Driven piles are also considered to be "tested" for weight-bearing ability because of their method of installation; thus the motto of the Pile Driving Contractors' Association is "A Driven Pile...Is a Tested Pile!
Pile foundation systems
Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a pile cap  (a large concrete block into which the heads of the piles are embedded) to distribute loads that are greater than one pile can bear. Pile caps and isolated piles are typically connected with grade beams  to tie the foundation elements together; lighter structural elements bear on the grade beams, while heavier elements bear directly on the pile cap.
Drilled piles

A longhouse or long house is a type of long, proportionately narrow, single-room building for communal dwelling. It has been built in various parts of the world including Asia, Europe, and North America.
Stilt House
Traditional dwellings have developed to respond to natural environmental conditions, particularly Indonesia's hot and wet monsoon climate. As is common throughout South East Asia and the South West Pacific, most rumah adat are built on stilts, with the exception of Java, Bali, and other houses of Eastern Indonesia. Building houses off the ground on stilts serve a number of purposes: it allows breezes to moderate the hot tropical temperatures; it elevates the dwelling above stormwater runoff and mud; it allows houses to be built on rivers and wetland margins; it keeps people, goods and food from dampness and moisture; lifts living quarters above malaria carrying mosquitos and reduces the risk of dry hot and termites The sharply inclined roof allows the heavy tropical rain to quickly sheet off, and large overhanging eaves keep water out of the house and provide shade in the heat. In hot and humid low-lying coastal regions, homes can have many windows providing good cross-ventilation, whereas in cooler mountainous interior areas, homes often have a vast roof and few windows.

Stilt houses (also called pile dwellings or lake dwellings) are houses raised on stilts (or piles) over the surface of the soil or a body of water. Stilt houses are built primarily as a protection against flooding they also keep out vermin The shady space under the house can be used for work or storage.

Garuda Plaza
Jimbaran

A Fishing Village

Warung

A village Warung in Garut, west Java Indonesia

A Warung is a type of small family-owned business — a small retail, eatery or cafe in Indonesia (and to a lesser extent, Malaysia and Suriname . A warung is an essential part of daily life in Indonesia. Traditionally, warung is indeed a family-owned business, run by the family members, mostly by women.Traditional warungs are made from wooden, bamboo or thatched materials. More permanent warungs are made from bricks and concrete, some family-owned businesses are attached to their homes. Some smaller portable warungs are made from tin, zinc or some modern version might use fiberglass mold. Warung tenda is a portable tent warung, covered with canvas, fabric, tarp or plastic sheet tent for roofing.

Kecak Dance

Kecak Dance, Cliffside Uluwatu

Kecak Dance Taken from Ramayana Epic Poem
Also known as the Ramayana monkey chant, the dance is performed by a circle of as many as 150 performers wearing checked cloths around their waists, percussively chanting "chak" and moving their hands and arms. The performance depicts a battle from the Ramayana, in which the monkey-like Vanaras , led by Hanuman , help Prince Rama  fight the evil King Ravana . Kecak has roots in sanghyang , a trance-inducing exorcism  dance.
A visit to the dramatic island of Bali will not be complete without watching some of the most captivating traditional performances the island has to offer. Aside from Barong and Janger Dances, another dazzling performance you definitely don’t want to miss is the traditional Kecak Dance, one of Balinese artistic masterpieces in the form of a dance and musical drama.
Held in the open air at sunset , usually above a cliff facing the sea, the drama depends entirely on the natural light of day. Starting at dusk, the story continues into the dark, when only light comes only from flickering bamboo torches.

What makes this dance particularly unique is that the drama uses no artificial backdrop, involving no musical instrument. The focus is entirely on the concentric circles of about 50-60 men, bare-chested, wearing only distinct Balinese sarongs sitting cross-legged around a set of torches in the center.

Instead of the traditional “gamelan” orchestra which usually accompanies other Balinese traditional performances, the Kecak is simply accompanied by the chanting of the chorus of men representing an army of monkeys continuously intoning “Cak! Cak! Cak!” or “Keh-Chak" in polyrhythmic sounds during almost the entire performance. This amazing human voiced orchestra is led by a soloist, who is in charge of indicating the high and low notes, and also acts as narrator. The effect, after a while, is to provide a wall of dramatic sound against which the action of the play is enacted.

The performance relates the shorter version of the epic Ramayana Saga with dancers playing as Rama, Shinta (Sita), Lakshmana, Rahwana (Ravana), Hanoman (Hanuman), Sugriwa (Sugriva), and other characters. The storyline starts when Prince Rama wanders into the woods with his wife Shinta and brother Lakshmana. There, the giant Rahwana kidnaps Shinta and holds her in his palace. Rama then seeks help and sends Lakhsmana to find his friend Sugriwa, the King of the Monkey Kingdom. Sugriwa sends his commander the white monkey, by the name of Hanoman, to check on Shinta in Rahwana’s Palace.
A dramatic scene is portrayed when Hanoman is captured by Rahwana’s troops and put inside a circle of fire to burn him alive. Instead of burning to crisp, the white monkey warrior remains unharmed and breaks out only to burn Rahwana’s palace instead. Thus, began the battle between the two forces.
At first, Rahwana and his troops manage to overrun Rama. However, Sugriwa and Hanoman then come to Rama’s aid along with the rest of the monkey troops, defeat the evil king once and for all.
Janger Dance
Janger Dance Bali

Janger (Balinese: ᬚᬗᬾᬃ) is a traditional Balinese and Osing  dance drama performance originated from the Indonesian island of Bali, and commonly performed by Balinese in Bali as well as Osing people in the easternmost region of Java. The term roughly translates to '"infatuation," with a connotation of someone who is madly in love”
Janger Dancer

Janger Performance

History
Janger is a social dance created in the 1920s, though its exact date of origin is unknown Made Kredek  claims it 'originated in the village of Menyali, North Bali and the songs featured in it were those of the horse drivers in the area.
Performance
Janger is a 'flirtatious youth group dance'; it begins with a tableau vivant  and a welcoming song This is followed by 12 male dancers (kecak) who perform an elaborate routine; when finished, they sit in two rows of six facing each other, and a female group (janger) enters and sings a traditional folk song, and perform a slower dance with an 'emphasis on fluid, undulating, arm movements When finished they form two lines of six, with the male dancers 'forming a boundary around the playing area.' This opening is followed by a drama, which usually concerns some sort of domestic theme.

Barong Dance Ubud Bali
Barong ket / Barong Ket is a symbol of virtue.
Barong Ket is a variation or type of Balinese Barong dance. The traditional Barong Ket dance performance depicts the battle between truth and evil. The Barong Ket dance is usually performed during Balinese Hindu temple ceremonies and other cultural events in Bali.

The shape and design of Barong Ket take the form of an animal mix between a tiger, lion, dragon, and cow shape. The entire body of the Barong Ket is decorated with traditional Balinese carvings made from cowhide. In the sculptures, there are dozens of tiny glass mirrors.
When lights hit the small mirror glass, create a sparkling view of the Barong Ket. On the body of Barong Ket, you also will see much fur. The wool is made from dried fiber leaves and usually uses pandan leaves. It required two dancers to wear the Barong Ket costume.
Like the traditional Barong dance, Barong Ket is accompanied by gamelan music and singing. The dance is believed to have spiritual essence and is meant to bring good luck and ward off evil spirits
Rangda Dance
Rangda Dance / symbol of horror
Of course, during the performance of the Barong Ket dance, also accompanied by the performance of the Rangda dance.

Rangda dance is a traditional Balinese dance depicting a woman who possesses black magic power and is personified as evil. In the dance, Rangda is described as a mighty and frightening figure. In addition, Rangda is depicted with long hair and sharp nails. Also, Rangda’s face shows a scary look with bulging eyes and a sticking-out tongue.

Furthermore, the Rangda dance is usually performed during temple ceremonies within the inner side of Balinese Hindu temples. The Rangda dance performance will accompany by gamelan music and other traditional Balinese musical instruments. In addition, in this dance, Rangda is depicted fighting with Barong.

Rangda is a figure that looks very scary because it is used to represent a symbol of horror. Meanwhile, Barong Ket is a symbol of virtue. Therefore, there will be a Rangda performance for every Barong Ket dance performance. Furthermore, the Rangda dance for Balinese people has a spiritual meaning and is believed to have the power to drive away evil spirits.

Baris Dance

Baris Tunggal
Baris tunggal
A baris tunggal dancer, namely a baris dancer who performs on his own, is dressed in white leggings known as celana. Around his ankles are coverings, known as setewel, which reach halfway up his calves. The dancer wears a belt (setagen), reaching up on his body; inside this belt a keris is tucked near the shoulder. Around the dancer's torso is a collection of fabric panels, known as awiran, which hang from his body. Another panel, larger, is fixed to his chest. Around his neck he wears a circular collar known as a badong; this collar may or may not be decorated with beads. The costume is completed with a triangular headdress made of shells on springs, which shake during the performance.

At first, as he takes the stage, the dancer's movements are studied and careful, as if he were seeking out foes in an unfamiliar place. When he reaches the middle of the stage, hesitation gives way to self-assurance. He rises on his toes to his full stature, his body motionless with quivering limbs, he whirls on one leg, his feet tread the ground to the tumult of the gamelan, and his face renders the storm of passions of a quick-tempered warrior.

Baris demang dancers in Singaraja  (1865-1866); photo by Isidore van Kinsbergen

Kris / Indonesian Dragger

Gambuh
(Balinese performing art)

Gambug / Nobleman
Gambuh (Balinese : ᬕᬫ᭄ᬩᬸᬄ) is an ancient form of Balinese  dance-drama. It is accompanied by musicians in a gamelan gambuh ensemble.

Gamelan Gambuh dancers, Budakeling, Bali.

History
Gambuh is one of the oldest surviving forms in Balinese performing arts, dating to the late Majapahit  era (ca. 15th century) with very little known change since this time. Emiko Susilo writes, "when the dance-dramas of Majapahit came to Bali, they had the new task of preserving the tradition of a fallen dynasty" (emphasis in original). It also introduced a new element of narrative to Balinese performing arts that influenced other forms of dance-drama on the island, such as topeng  masked dance and arja  opera. For centuries it was supported by patronage at the royal courts of Bali's aristocracy, during which it achieved its greatest heights of sophistication. As the courts fell apart in the bloody wars with Dutch, this support evaporated and much of the art of gambuh was lost. Like the many other arts that formerly depended on royal patronage, gambuh found some community support by playing for temple ceremonies.

Gamelan Gambuh ensemble, Budakeling, Bali.

Gambuh is now nearly extinct. In 1997, Susilo observed, "In total there are perhaps only four groups that perform in the Gambuh style." It is unpopular even among Balinese performers. The dance and music are technically exacting and complex; the dialogue requires knowledge of the Kawi language . Performances are long and, unlike wayang  shows, contain no comic relief, making demands of potential audiences.
Gamelan Gambuh ensemble, Batuan, Bali.

Dramatic components
Combining dance, music, and acting, gambuh draws on the narrative material of the Malat, a series of poems about the fictional Javanese Prince Raden Panji, an incarnation of Wisnu. On his wedding night, he is separated from his fiancée, Candra Kirana , beginning an epic in which the two lovers search for each other over years and across wide areas of medieval Java. They finally meet on the field of battle, recognize each other through their disguises, and live happily ever after. Other characters include members of the court and their servants. The refined (alus) characters speak in Kawi , an old literary tongue, which is translated for the audience into contemporary Balinese  by the characters of lower status.
The Suling bamboo flute in Gambuh is traditional music from Bali.

Gamelan gambuh
A complete gamelan gambuh requires approximately 17 musicians to accompany the dance-drama. The main instruments in gambuh performances are very low bamboo flutes called suling  gambuh, between 75 and 100 cm in length and 4 and 5 cm in diameter. There are usually four such flutes, but sometimes as few as two or as many as six. The suling gambuh play melodies along with a rebab  while percussion instruments fill out the sound with a variety of timbres and rhythms: a medium-sized gong , a small gong called kajar , two kendang , a chime called Klenang , a bell tree called gentorag, rincik (reminiscent of a ceng ceng), a metallophone called kenyir, kangsi, and gumanak.   The last three of those instruments—the kenyir, kangsi, and gumanak—are not currently found in any other gamelan ensemble of Bali
Wayang Show
Wayang, Shadow or imagination
Puppet show

Wayang
the flat leather shadow puppet (Wayang kulit)

Wayang, also known as wajang (Javanese : ꦮꦪꦁ, romanized: wayang), is a traditional form of puppet theatre play originating from the Indonesian  island of Java .Wayang refers to the entire dramatic show. Sometimes the leather puppet itself is referred to as wayang. Performances of wayang puppet theatre are accompanied by a gamelan orchestra in Java , and by gender wayang in Bali. The dramatic stories depict mythologies, such as episodes from the Hindu  epics the Ramayana  and the Mahabharata, as well as local adaptations of cultural legends. Traditionally, a wayang is played out in a ritualized midnight-to-dawn show by a dalang., an artist and spiritual leader; people watch the show from both sides of the screen.
Wayang performances are still very popular among Indonesians , especially in the islands of Java and Bali. Wayang performances are usually held at certain rituals, certain ceremonies, certain events, and even tourist attractions. In ritual contexts, puppet shows are used for prayer rituals (held in temples in Bali), ruwatan ritual (cleansing Sukerto children from bad luck),^[8] and sedekah bumi ritual (thanksgiving to God for the abundant crops).^[9] In the context of ceremonies, usually it is used to celebrate mantenan (Javanese wedding ceremony) and sunatan (circumcision ceremony). In events, it is used to celebrate Independence Day, the anniversaries of municipalities and companies, birthdays, commemorating certain days, and many more. Even in the modern era with the development of tourism activities, wayang puppet shows are used as cultural tourism attractions.^[10]Wayang is one of the peaks of Indonesian culture, which is the most prominent among many other cultures.^{[clarification needed]} Wayang traditions include acting, singing, music, drama, literature, painting, sculpture, carving, and symbolic arts. The traditions, which have continued to develop over more than a thousand years, are also a medium for information, preaching, education, philosophical understanding, and entertainment.^[11]UNESCO designated wayang – the flat leather shadow puppet (wayang kulit), the flat wooden puppet (wayang klitik), and the three-dimensional wooden puppet (wayang golek) theatre, as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on 7 November 2003. In return for the acknowledgment, UNESCO required Indonesians to preserve the tradition.^[12]
Wayang Puppet Theater/ The wayang kulit  performance by the Indonesian notable dalang (puppet master) Manteb Soedarsono , with the story "Gathutkaca Winisuda", in Bentara Budaya Jakarta  , to commemorate the anniversary of the Kompas  daily.

The dhalang or dalang (Javanese : dhalang; Indonesian : dalang) is the puppeteer  in an Indonesian wayang  performance.
Wayang Puppet Theater

It is accompnied by the Gamelan orchestra
Gamelan Orchestra
Etymology
The term wayang is the Javanese word  for 'shadow  or 'imagination'. The words equivalent in Indonesia  is bayang. In modern daily Javanese and Indonesian vocabulary, wayang can refer to the puppet itself or the whole puppet theatre performance.
History
Wayang is the traditional puppet theatre of Indonesia.It is an ancient form of storytelling known for its elaborate puppets and complex musical styles. The earliest evidence of wayang comes from medieval-era texts and archeological sites dating from late 1st millennium CE. There are four theories concerning where wayang originated (indigenous to Java; Java–India; India; and China), but of these, two are more favored: Java  and India .

Regardless of its origins, states Brandon, wayang developed and matured into a Javanese phenomenon. There is no true contemporary puppet shadow artwork in either China or India that has the sophistication, depth, and creativity expressed in wayang in Java, Indonesia.

Indigenous origin in Java
According to academic James R Brandon, , the puppets of wayang are native to Java. He states wayang is closely related to Javanese social culture  and religious life , and presents parallel developments from ancient Indonesian culture, such as gamelan , the monetary system, metric forms, batik astronomy, wet rice field agriculture, and government administration. He asserts that wayang was not derived from any other type of shadow puppetry of mainland Asia, but was an indigenous creation of the Javanese . Indian puppets differ from wayang, and all wayang technical terms are Javanese , not Sanskrit. Similarly, some of the other technical terms used in the wayang kulit found in Java and Bali are based on local languages, even when the play overlaps with Buddhist or Hindu mythologies.

G. A. J. Hazeu also says that wayang came from Java. The puppet structure, puppeteering techniques, and storytelling voices, language, and expressions are all composed according to old traditions. The technical design, the style, and the composition of the Javanese plays grew from the worship of ancestors.

Kats argues that the technical terms come from Java and that wayang was born without the help of India. Before the 9th century, it belonged to the Javanese. It was closely related to religious practices, such as incense and night / wandering spirits. Panakawan uses a Javanese name, different from the Indian heroes.

Kruyt argues that wayang originated from shamanism , and makes comparisons with ancient archipelago ceremonial forms which aim to contact the spirit world by presenting religious poetry praising the greatness of the soul
Blencong, a Javanese oil lamp in the form of the mythical Garuda  bird for wayang kulit performances, before 1924

Origin in India
Hinduism  and Buddhism arrived on the Indonesian islands in the early centuries of the 1st millennium, and along with theology, the peoples of Indonesia and Indian subcontinent exchanged culture, architecture, and traded goods. Puppet arts and dramatic plays have been documented in ancient Indian texts, dated to the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE and the early centuries of the Common Era. Further, the eastern coastal region of India (Andhra Pradesh, Odisha,and Tamil Nadu), which most interacted with Indonesian islands, has had traditions of intricate, leather-based puppet arts called tholu bommalata, tholpavakoothu, and rabana chhaya, which share many elements with wayang.

Some characters such as the Vidushaka in Sanskrit drama and Semarr in wayang are very similar. Indian mythologies and characters from the Hindu epics feature in many major wayang plays, which suggests possible Indian origins, or at least an influence in the pre-Islamic period of Indonesian history. Jivan Pani states that wayang developed from two art forms from Odisha  in eastern India: the Ravana Chhaya  puppet theatre and the Chhau dance
Records
The oldest known record concerning wayang is from the 9th century. Old Javanese (Kawi) inscriptions called Jaha Inscriptions, dating from around 840 CE and issued by Maharaja Sri Lokapala from the Mataram Kingdom in Central Java , mention three sorts of performers: atapukan (lit. 'mask dance show'), aringgit (lit. 'wayang puppet show'), and abanwal / abanol (lit. 'joke art'). Ringgit is described in an 11th-century Javanese poem as a leather shadow figure.

In 903 CE, the Mantyasih inscription  (Balitung charter) was created by King Balitung  of the Sanjaya dynasty  of the Ancient Mataram Kingdom. They state, "Si Galigi Mawayang Buat Hyang Macarita Bimma Ya Kumara", which means 'Galigi held a puppet show for gods by taking the story of Bima Kumara'. It seems certain features of traditional puppet theatre have survived from that time. Galigi was an itinerant performer who was requested to perform for a special royal occasion. At that event he performed a story about the hero Bhima from the Mahabharata.

Mpu Kanwa, the poet of Airlinga's  court of the Kahuripan  kingdom, writes in 1035 CE in his Kakawin  (narrative poem) Arjunawiwaha , "santoṣâhĕlĕtan kĕlir sira sakêng sang hyang Jagatkāraṇa", which means, "He is steadfast and just a wayang screen away from the 'Mover of the World'." As kĕlir is the Javanese word for the wayang screen, the verse eloquently comparing actual life to a wayang performance where the almighty Jagatkāraṇa (the mover of the world) as the ultimate dalang (puppet master) is just a thin screen away from mortals. This reference to wayang as shadow plays suggested that wayang performance was already familiar in Airlangga court and wayang tradition had been established in Java, perhaps even earlier. An inscription from this period also mentions some occupations as awayang and aringgit.

Wayang kulit is a unique form of theatre employing light and shadow. The puppets are crafted from buffalo hide and mounted on bamboo sticks. When held up behind a piece of white cloth, with an electric bulb or an oil lamp as the light source, shadows are cast on the screen. The plays are typically based on romantic tales and religious legends, especially adaptations of the classic Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana . Some of the plays are also based on local stories like Panji tales.

Mpu Kanwa, the poet of Airlanggs's court of the Kahuripan kingdom, writes in 1035 CE in his Kakawin (narrative poem) Arjunawiwaha , "santoṣâhĕlĕtan kĕlir sira sakêng sang hyang Jagatkāraṇa", which means, "He is steadfast and just a wayang screen away from the 'Mover of the World'." As kĕlir is the Javanese word for the wayang screen, the verse eloquently comparing actual life to a wayang performance where the almighty Jagatkāraṇa (the mover of the world) as the ultimate dalang (puppet master) is just a thin screen away from mortals. This reference to wayang as shadow plays suggested that wayang performance was already familiar in Airlangga's court and wayang tradition had been established in Java, perhaps even earlier. An inscription from this period also mentions some occupations as awayang and aringgit.

Wayang puppet theatre performances in Indonesia
Wayang kulit  performance with gamelan  accompaniment in the context of the appointment of the throne for Hamengkubuwono Vill's  fifteen years in Yogyakarta , between 1900 and 1940

A dalang  (puppeteer) in a wayang golek (wooden puppet) performance, between 1880 and 1919

Wayang Beber performance of the desa Gelaran at the home of Dr. Wahidin Soedirohoesodo at Yogyakarta ; in the middle Dr. GAJ Hazeu, Dutch East Indies , in 1902

A dalang (puppet master) depicting a fight in a Wayang kulit  performance

There are three main components of Wayang Kulit  shows including Dalang, gamelan  (music and sindhen  ), and wayang kulit itself
Wayang kulit are without a doubt the best known of the Indonesian wayang Kulit means 'skin', and refers to the leather construction of the puppets that are carefully chiselled with fine tools, supported with carefully shaped buffalo horn handles and control rods, and painted in beautiful hues, including gold. The stories are usually drawn from the Hindu epics the Ramayana and the Mahabharata
There is a family of characters in Javanese wayang called punokawan ; they are sometimes referred to as "clown-servants" because they normally are associated with the story's hero, and provide humorous and philosophical interludes. Semar  is actually the god of love, who has consented to live on earth to help humans. He has three sons: Gareng (the eldest), Petruk (the middle), and Bagong (the youngest). These characters did not originate in the Hindu epics, but were added later. They provide something akin to a political cabaret , dealing with gossip and contemporary affairs
The puppet figures themselves vary from place to place. In Central Java, , the city of Surakarta  (Solo) and city of Yogyakarta  have the best-known wayang traditions, and the most commonly imitated style of puppets. Regional styles of shadow puppets can also be found in Temanggung, West Java, Banyumas, Cirebon, Semarang, and East Java . Bali's wayang are more compact and naturalistic figures, and Lombok has figures representing real people. Often modern-world objects as bicycles, automobiles, airplanes and ships will be added for comic effect, but for the most part the traditional puppet designs have changed little in the last 300 years
A wayang kulit (leather shadow puppet) performance using kelir (thin fabric) as a border between the puppeteer (dalang) who plays the puppets and the audience
Historically, the performance consisted of shadows cast by an oil lamp  onto a cotton screen. Today, the source of light used in wayang performance in Java is most often a halogen electric light, while Bali still uses the traditional firelight. Some modern forms of wayang such as wayang sandosa (from Bahasa Indonesia, since it uses the national language of Indonesian instead of Javanese) created in the Art Academy at Surakarta (STSI)  employ theatrical Spotlights , colored lights, contemporary music, and other innovations.
Making a wayang kulit figure that is suitable for a performance involves hand work that takes several weeks, with the artists working together in groups. They start from master models (typically on paper) which are traced out onto skin or parchment, providing the figures with an outline and with indications of any holes that will need to be cut (such as for the mouth or eyes). The figures are then smoothed, usually with a glass bottle, and primed. The structure is inspected and eventually the details are worked through. A further smoothing follows before individual painting, which is undertaken by yet another craftsman.
Finally, the movable parts (upper arms, lower arms with hands and the associated sticks for manipulation) mounted on the body, which has a central staff by which it is held. A crew makes up to ten figures at a time, typically completing that number over the course of a week. However, there is not strong continuing demand for the top skills of wayang craftspersons and the relatively few experts still skilled at the art sometimes find it difficult to earn a satisfactory income.
The painting of less expensive puppets is handled expediently with a spray technique, using templates, and with a different person handling each color. Less expensive puppets, often sold to children during performances, are sometimes made on cardboard instead of leather.
Some examples of wayang kulit figures (leather shadow puppet)
Kumbakarna, Tropenmuseum collection, Indonesia, before 1914

Gatot Kaca, Tropenmuseum collection, Indonesia, before 1914

Wibisana, Tropenmuseum collection, Indonesia, before 1933

Princess Shinta, Tropenmuseum collection, Indonesia, before 1983

Yudhishthira, Tropenmuseum collection, Indonesia, before 1914

Princess Tari, Tropenmuseum collection, Indonesia, before 1934
Wayang golek

Wayang golek performance (3D wooden puppet), Indonesia

Wayang golek (Sudanese : ᮝᮚᮀ ᮍᮧᮜᮦᮊ᮪) are three-dimensional wooden rod puppets that are operated from below by a wooden rod that runs through the body to the head, and by sticks connected to the hands. The construction of the puppets contributes to their versatility, expressiveness and aptitude for imitating human dance. wayang golek is mainly associated with the Sudanese culture of West Java. In Central Java, the wooden wayang is also known as wayang menak, which originated from Kudus , Central Java.
Little is known for certain about the history of wayang golek, but scholars have speculated that it most likely originated in China and arrived in Java sometime in the 17th century. Some of the oldest traditions of wayang golek are from the north coast of Java in what is called the Pasisir region. This is home to some of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Java and it is likely that the wayang golek grew in popularity through telling the wayang menak stories of Amir Hamza, the uncle of Muhammad . These stories are still widely performed in Kabumen, Tegal, and Jepara as wayang golek menak, and in Cirebon, wayang golek cepak. . Legends about the origins of the wayang golek attribute their invention to the Muslim saint Wali Sunan Kudus, who used the medium to proselytize Muslim values.
In the 18th century, the tradition moved into the mountainous region of Priangan, West Java, where it eventually was used to tell stories of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata in a tradition now called wayang golek purwa, which can be found in Bandung,Bogor and Jakarta. The adoption of Javanese Mataram kejawen culture by Sundanese aristocrats was probably the remnant of Mataram influence over the Priangan region during the expansive reign of Sultan Agung . While the main characters from the Ramayana and Mahabharata are similar to wayang kulit purwa versions from Central Java, some punakawan (servants or jesters) were rendered in Sundanese names and characteristics, such as Cepot or Astrajingga as Bagong, and Dawala or Udel as Petruk. Wayang golek purwa has become the most popular form of wayang golek today.
Some examples of wayang golek figures (3D wooden puppet)
Cepot, a Sundanese Punokawan, Indonesia

Rahwana, Indonesia in 2004

Ramawijaya, Indonesia in 2004

Gatot kaca, Indonesia in 2015

Kumbakarna, Indonesia before 1976

Dewi Drupadi, Indonesia before 1976

Wayang klitik

Wayang klitik or wayang karucil figures occupy a middle ground between the figures of wayang golek and wayang kulit. They are constructed similarly to wayang kulit figures, but from thin pieces of wood instead of leather, and, like wayang kulit figures, are used as shadow puppets. A further similarity is that they are the same smaller size as wayang kulit figures. However, wood is more subject to breakage than leather. During battle scenes, wayang klitik figures often sustain considerable damage, much to the amusement of the public, but in a country in which before 1970 there were no adequate glues available, breakage generally meant an expensive, newly made figure. On this basis the wayang klitik figures, which are to appear in plays where they have to endure battle scenes, have leather arms. The name of these figures is onomotopaeic, from the sound klitik-klitik that these figures make when worked by the dalang.

Wayang klitik figures come originally from eastern Java , where one still finds workshops turning them out. They are less costly to produce than wayang kulit figures.
The origin of the stories involved in these puppet plays comes from the kingdoms of eastern Java: Jenggala, Kediri and Majapahit. From Jenggala and Kediri come the stories of Raden Panji and Cindelaras, which tells of the adventures of a pair of village youngsters with their Fighting cocks . The Danarwalan presents the stories of a hero from Majapahit. Damarwulan is a clever chap, who with courage, aptitude, intelligence and the assistance of his young lover Anjasmara makes a surprise attack on the neighboring kingdom and brings down Minakjinggo, an Adipati (viceroy) of Blambangan and mighty enemy of Majapahit's beautiful queen Sri Ratu Kencanawungu. As a reward, Damarwulan is married to Kencanawungu and becomes king of Majapahit; he also takes Lady Anjasmara as a second wife. This story is full of love affairs and battles and is very popular with the public. The dalang is liable to incorporate the latest local gossip and quarrels and work them into the play as comedy.
Some examples of wayang klithik figures (flat wooden puppet)
Menak Jingga, Tropenmuseum collection, Indonesia before 1953

Damar Wulan, Tropenmuseum collection, Indonesia, before 1933

Demon, Tropenmuseum collection, Indonesia, before 1950

Figure of Batara Guri u

Duryudhana, Tropenmuseum collection, Indonesia, before 1986

Brathasena, Tropenmuseum collection, Indonesia, before 1986

Wayang beber

Main article: Wayang beber
Wayang beber relies on scroll-painted presentations of the stories being told.^[27] Wayang beber has strong similarities to narratives in the form of illustrated ballads that were common at annual fairs in medieval and early modern Europe. They have also been subject to the same fate—they have nearly vanished, although there are still some groups of artists who support wayang beber in places such as Surakarta (Solo) in Central Java.^[28] Chinese visitors to Java during the 15th century described a storyteller who unrolled scrolls and told stories that made the audience laugh or cry. A few scrolls of images remain from those times, found today in museums. There are two sets, hand-painted on hand-made bark cloth, that are still owned by families who have inherited them from many generations ago, in Pacitan and Wonogiri, both villages in Central Java. Performances, mostly in small open-sided pavilions or auditoriums, take place according to the following pattern:
The dalang gives a sign, the small gamelan orchestra with drummer and a few knobbed gongs and a musician with a rebab (a violin-like instrument held vertically) begins to play, and the dalang unrolls the first scroll of the story. Then, speaking and singing, he narrates the episode in more detail. In this manner, in the course of the evening he unrolls several scrolls one at a time. Each scene in the scrolls represents a story or part of a story. The content of the story typically stems from the Panji romances which are semi-historical legends set in the 12th–13th century East Javanese kingdoms of Jenggala, Daha and Kediri, and also in Bali.^[29]
Some examples of wayang beber scenes
Final fight in alun-alun in Kediri, East Java. Tawang Alun kills Klana. Indonesia 17th century

Princess Sekar Taji, mbok Kili (left), and Ganda Ripa or Panji (right) in the palace in Kediri, 17th century

Radèn Gunung Sari on horse says goodbye to his advisers Tratag and Gimeng before travelling to princess Kumuda Ningrat, 18th century

Princess Sekar Taji and Panji meet in Paluhamba market, 17th century

Princess Sekar Taji in palace garden approached by Klana, 17th century

Competition between Panji Sepuh (left) and Jaya Puspita (right), 18th century

Wayang wong

Wayang wong, also known as wayang orang (literally 'human wayang'), is a type of Javanese theatrical performance wherein human characters imitate the movements of a puppet show. The show also integrates dance by the human characters into the dramatic performance. It typically shows episodes of the Ramayana or the Mahabharata.
Some examples of wayang wong scenes
Pandava and Krishna in a wayang wong performance

King Duryodhana in a wayang wong performance in Taman Budaya Rahmat Saleh, SeSemarang, Jawa Tengah Indonesia a

Giants in a wayang wong performance

Punokawan in a wayang wong performance

Rama and Sita in a wayang wong Ramayana Ballet performance

Opening of wayang wong performance, usually showing traditional Javanese dance se dance

Wayang topeng

Wayang topeng or wayang gedog theatrical performances take themes from the Panji cycle of stories from the kingdom of Janggala . The players wear masks known as wayang topeng or wayang gedog. The word gedog comes from kedok which, like topeng , means 'mask'.
Wayang gedog centers on a love story about Prince Candra Kirana of Kediri and Raden Panji Asmarabangun, the legendary crown prince of Janggala. Candra Kirana was the incarnation of Dewi Ratih (the Hindu goddess of love) and Panji was an incarnation of Kamajaya (the Hindu god of love). Kirana's story has been given the title Smaradahana ("The fire of love"). At the end of the complicated story they finally marry and bring forth a son named Raja Putra. Originally, wayang wong was performed only as an aristocratic entertainment in the palaces of Yogyakarta and Surakarta . In the course of time, it spread to become a popular and folk form as well.
Some examples of wayang topeng scenes
Dancing wayang topeng in Malang

Studio portrait of wayang topeng actors

Wayang topeng Malang

Wayang topeng in Java a

Wayang topeng in Java

Wayang topeng in Java

Stories
Wayang characters are derived from several groups of stories and settings. The most popular and the most ancient is wayang purwa, whose story and characters were derived from the Indian Hindu epics the Ramayana and Mahabharata, set in the ancient kingdoms of Hastinapura, Ayodhya, and Alengkapura (Lanka). Another group of characters is derived from the Panji cycle , natively developed in Java during the Kedri Kingdom; these stories are set in the twin Javanese kingdoms of Janggala and Panjalu (Kediri).

Wayang purwa

Wayang purwa (Javanese  for 'ancient' or 'original wayang') refer to wayang that are based on the Hindu epics the Ramayana and Mahabharata. They are usually performed as wayang kulit, wayang golek, and wayang wong dance dramas.

Wayang purwa figures from Balinese wayang kulit
Wayang kulit (shadow puppet) Anggada Tropenmuseum  collection, Indonesia, before 1900

Wayang kulit  (shadow puppet) Jayadrata Tropenmuseum

Jayadrata, Tropenmuseum collection, Indonesia, before 1900

Wayang kulit (shadow puppet) Kendran, Tropenmuseum collection, Indonesia, before 1900

Wayang kulit  (shadow puppet) Sangruda, Tropenmuseum ,  collection, Indonesia, before 1900

Wayang kulit  (shadow puppet) Duryadana Tropenmuseum collection, Indonesia, before 1900

Wayang kulit (shadow puppet) Gatakaca Tropenmuseum  collection, Indonesia, before 1900

Wayang Menak

Menak is a cycle of wayang puppet plays that feature the heroic exploits of Wong Agung Jayengrana, who is based on the 12th-century Muslim literary hero Amie Hamzah. Menak stories have been performed in the islands of Java and Lombok in the Indonesian archipelago for several hundred years. They are predominantly performed in Java as golek, or wooden rod-puppets, but also can be found on Lombok as the shadow puppet tradition, wayang sasak. The wayang golek menak tradition most likely originated along the north coast of Java under Chinese Muslim influences and spread East and South and is now most commonly found in the South Coastal region of Kabumen and Yogyakarta.
The word menak is a Javanese honorific title that is given to people who are recognized at court for their exemplary character even though they are not nobly born. Jayengrana is just such a character who inspires allegiance and devotion through his selfless modesty and his devotion to a monotheistic faith called the "Religion of Abraham." Jayengrana and his numerous followers do battle with the pagan faiths that threaten their peaceable realm of Koparman. The chief instigator of trouble is Pati Bestak, counselor to King Nuresewan, who goads pagan kings to capture Jayengrana's wife Dewi Munninggar. The pagan Kings eventually fail to capture her and either submit to Jayengrana and renounce their pagan faith or die swiftly in combat.
The literary figure of Amir Hamzah is loosely based on the historic person of Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib who was the paternal uncle of Muhammad. Hamzah was a fierce warrior who fought alongside Muhammad and died in the battle of Uhud in 624 CE. the literary tradition traveled from Persia to India and from then on to Southeast Asia where the court poet Yasadipura I (1729-1802) set down the epic in the Javanese language in the Serat Menak.The wooden wayang menak is similar in shape to wayang golek; it is most prevalent on the northern coast of Central Java, especially the Kudus area.
Menak figures from Javanese wayang golek
Wayang golek menak, Jayengrana, a collection from Tropenmuseum, the Netherlands, before 2003

Wayang golek menak, Umarmaya, a collection at Tropenmuseum, the Netherlands, before 2003

Wayang golek menak, Umarmadi, a collection at Tropenmuseum, the Netherlands, before 2003

Wayang golek menak, Jiweng, a collection at Tropenmuseum, the Netherlands, before 2003

Wayang golek menak, Putri Murtinjung, a collection at Tropenmuseum, the Netherlands, before 2003

Wayang Golek menak, King Maktal (Albania), a collection at Tropenmuseum, the Netherlands, before 2003

Wayang Kancil

Wayang kancil is a type of shadow puppet with the main character of kancil and other animal stories taken from Hitopadeça and Tantri Kamandaka. Wayang kancil was created by Sunan Giri at the end of the 15th century and is used as a medium for preaching Islam in Gresik The story of kancil is very popular with the children, has a humorous element, and can be used as a medium of education because the message conveyed through the wayang kancil media is very good for children. Wayang kancil is not different from wayang kulit; wayang kancil is also made from buffalo skin. Even the playing is not much different, accompanied by a gamelan . The language used by the puppeteer depends on the location of the performance and the type of audience. If the audience is a child, generally the puppeteer uses Javanese Ngoko in its entirety, but sometimes Krama Madya and Krama Inggil are inserted in human scenes. The puppets are carved, painted, drawn realistically, and adapted to the puppet performance. The colors in the detail of the wayang kancil sunggingan are very interesting and varied. Figures depicted in the form of prey animals such as tigers, elephants, buffaloes, cows, reptiles, and fowl such as crocodiles, lizards, snakes, various types of birds, and other animals related to the kancil tale. There are also human figures, including Pak Tani and Bu Tani, but there are not many human figures narrated. The total number of puppets is only about 100 pieces per set.
Kancil figures in wayang kulit
Kancil

Srigala

Macan

Baya

Keong

Nenek Petani

Wayang Wahyu

The historically popular wayang kulit typically is based on the Hindu epics the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.  In the 1960s, the Christian missionary effort adopted the art form to create wayang wahyu. The Javanese Jesuit  Brother Timotheus L. Wignyosubroto used the show to communicate to the Javanese  and other Indonesians the teachings of the Bible  and of the Catholic church  in a manner accessible to the audience. Similarly, wayang sadat has deployed wayang for the religious teachings of Islam, while wayang pancasila has used it as a medium for national politics.There have also been attempts to retell modern fiction with the art of wayang, most famously Star Wars  as done by Malaysians Tintuoy Chuo and Dalang Pak Dain.
Cultural context
Its initial function, wayang is a ritual intended for ancestral spirits of the hyang  belief. Furthermore, wayang undergoes a shift in role, namely as a medium for social communication. The plays that are performed in the wayang, usually hold several values, such as education, culture, and teachings of philosophy. . Wayang functions as an effective medium in conveying messages, information, and lessons. Wayang was used as an effective medium in spreading religions  ranging from Hinduism to Islam . Because of the flexibility of wayang puppets, they still exist today and are used for various purposes. Wayang functions can be grouped into three, namely:
Tatanan (norms and values)
Wayang is a performance medium that can contain all aspects of human life. Human thoughts, whether related to ideology,politics,economy, social, culture, law, defence and security., can be contained in wayang. In the wayang puppets contain order, namely a norm  or convention that contains ethics (moral philosophy)  These norms or conventions are agreed upon and used as guidelines for the mastermind artists. In the puppet show, there are rules of the game along with the procedures for puppetry and how to play the puppet, from generation to generation and tradition, over time it becomes something that is agreed upon as a guideline (convention).
Wayang is an educational medium that focuses on moral and character education. Character education is something that is urgent and fundamental; character education can form a person who has good behavior.
Tuntunan (guidelines)
Wayang is a communicative medium in society. Wayang is used as a means of understanding a tradition, an approach to society, lighting, and disseminating values. Wayang as a medium for character education lies not only in the elements of the story, the stage, the instruments, and the art of puppetry, but also the embodiment of values in each wayang character. The embodiment of wayang characters can describe a person's character. From the puppet one can learn about leadership, courage, determination, honesty and sincerity. Apart from that, the puppets can reflect the nature of anger , namely greed, jealousy, envy, cruelty and ambition
Tontonan (entertainment)
Wayang puppet performances are a form of entertainment (tontonan) for the community. Wayang performances in the form of theatre performances are still very popular especially in the islands of Java and Bali. Puppet shows are still the favorite of the community and are often included in TV, radio, You Tube,  and other social media . Wayang performances present a variety of arts such as drama, music, dance, literary arts, and fine arts. Dialogue between characters, narrative expressions (janturan, pocapan, carita), suluk, kombangan, dhodhogan, and kepyakan are important elements in wayang performances.
Artist
Dalang

Dalang (puppet master), sindhen (traditional Javanese singer), and wiyaga (gamelan musicians) in a wayang kulit show in Java

Dalang
The dalang , sometimes referred to as dhalang or kawi dalang, is the puppeteer behind the performance. It is he who sits behind the screen, sings and narrates the dialogues of different characters of the story With a traditional orchestra in the background to provide a resonant melody and its conventional rhythm, the dalang modulates his voice to create suspense, thus heightening the drama. Invariably, the play climaxes with the triumph of good over evil. The dalang is highly respected in Indonesian culture for his knowledge, art and as a spiritual person capable of bringing to life the spiritual stories in the religious epics.
The figures of the wayang are also present in the paintings of that time, for example, the roof murals of the courtroom in Klungkung, Bali. They are still present in traditional Balinese painting today. The figures are painted, flat (5 to at most 15 mm — about half an inch — thick) woodcarvings with movable arms. The head is solidly attached to the body. Wayang klitik can be used to perform puppet plays either during the day or at night. This type of wayang is relatively rare.
Wayang today is both the most ancient and the most popular form of puppet theatre in the world. Hundreds of people will stay up all night long to watch the superstar performers, dalang, who command extravagant fees and are international celebrities. Some of the most famous dalang in recent history are Ki Nartosabdho, Ki Anom Suroto, Ki Asep Sunandar Sunarya, , Ki Sugino, and Ki Manteb Sudarsono.

Museum Wayong
The front view of the Wayang Museum seen from Fatahillah Square (Indonesian) : Taman Fatahillah)
Wayang Museum

The Wayang Museum is located in the tourist area of the Kota Tua Jakarta (old city) in Jalan Pintu Besar Utara No.27, Jakarta 11110, Indonesia. The Wayang Museum is adjacent to the Jakarta Historical Museum. This museum has various types of Indonesian wayang collections such as wayang kulit, wayang golek, wayang klithik, wayang suket, wayang beber, and another Indonesian wayang. There is also a collection of masks (topeng), gamelan , and wayang paintings. The collections are not only from Indonesia, but there are many collections of puppets from various countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Surinam, China, Vietnam, France, India, Turkey, and many other countries.

Sindhen
Traditional Singer

Pasindhen Pesindhén or sindhén (from Javanese) is the term for a woman who sings to accompany a gamelan orchestra, generally as the sole singer. A good singer must have extensive communication skills and good vocal skills as well as the ability to sing many songs. The title Sinden comes from the word Pasindhian which means 'rich in songs' or 'who sing the song'. Pesindhen can be interpreted as someone singing a song. In addition, sinden is also commonly referred to as waranggana which is taken from a combination of the words wara and anggana. The word wara itself means 'someone who is female ' and anggana which means 'itself'; in ancient times, the waranggana was the only woman in the wayang or klenengan performance.
Wiyaga
Gamelan Player
Wiyaga is a term in the musical arts which means a group of people who have special skills playing the gamelan, especially in accompanying traditional ceremonies and performing arts. Wiyaga is also called niyaga or nayaga which means 'gamelan musician'.
Gallery

Wayang Puppet Theater
Wayang glass painting depiction of Bharatayudha battle.

A wayang kulit  set and a gamelan  ensemble collection, Indonesia section at the Musical Instrument Museum

A wayang show in Java, Indonesia, presenting a wayang puppet.

Wayang golek  (3D wooden puppet), Gatot kaca Indonesia  in 2017.

Sundanese wayang golek (3D wooden puppet), Indonesia .

A wayang klithik (flat wooden puppet) performance with a gamelan orchestra in Nganding, Java, , in 1918.

Wayang kulit  (shadow puppet show) accompanied by a gamelan gamelan ensemble in Java  circa 1870.

Wayang (shadow puppets) from central Java, a scene from Irawan;s Wedding, mid-20th century, University of Hawaii Dept. of Theater and Dance.

Wayang beber depiction of a battle.

Wayang kulit and wayang golek dalang (puppeteer), Ki Entus Susmono.

Wayang golek performance in Yogyakarta .

Wayang kulit  (leather shadow puppet) performance.

Kayon (Gununga).

Wayang makassar

Cuisines
Nasi Goreng Rice
Mi Goreng Noodles
Indonesia has around 5,350 traditional recipes, with 30 of them considered the most important. Indonesia's cuisine may include rice, noodle and soup dishes.
Indonesian cuisine varies greatly by region and has many different influences. Sumatran  cuisine, for example, often has Middle Eastern  and Indian  influences, featuring curried meat and vegetables such as gulai and curry , while Javanese cuisine  is mostly indigenous, with some hint of Chinese influence . The cuisines of Eastern Indonesia  are similar to Polynesian and Melanesian cuisine  . Elements of Chinese cuisine can be seen in Indonesian cuisine: foods such as noodles,meat balls and spring rolls, and spring rolls have been completely assimilated.
Throughout its history, Indonesia has been involved in trade due to its location and natural resources. Additionally, Indonesia's indigenous techniques and ingredients were influenced by India, the Middle East, China, and finally Europe. Spanish and Portuguese traders brought New World produce   even before the Dutch came to colonise most of the archipelago . The Indonesian islands the Moluccas   (Maluku), which are famed as "the Spice Islands", also contributed to the introduction of native spices, such as cloves  and nutmeg , to Indonesian and global cuisine.
Indonesian cuisine often demonstrates complex flavours acquired from certain ingredients and bumbu  spices mixture. Indonesian dishes have rich flavours; most often described as savory, hot and spicy , and also combination of basic tastes  such as sweet, salty, sour and bitter.. Most Indonesians favour hot and spicy food, thus sambal, Indonesian hot and spicy chili sauce with various optional ingredients, notably shrimp paste, shallots, and others, is a staple condiment at all Indonesian tables. Seven main Indonesian cooking  methods are frying, grilling, roasting, dry roasting, sauteing, boiling, and steaming.
Some popular Indonesian dishes such as nasi goreng, gado gado, satay, soto, are ubiquitous  in the country and are considered national dishes. The official national dish of Indonesia is tumpeng, chosen in 2014 by Indonesian Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy as the dish that binds the diversity of Indonesia's various culinary traditions. Later in 2018, the same ministry has chosen 5 national dish of Indonesia; they are soto, rendang, satay, nasi goreng, and gado-gado.Today, some popular dishes that originated in Indonesia are now common to neighbouring countries, Malaysia and Singapore. Indonesian dishes such as satay , beef rendang, and sambal are favoured in Malaysia and singapore.. Soy-based dishes, such as variations of tofu  and tempeh, are also very popular. Tempeh is regarded as a Javanese  invention, a local adaptation of soy-based food fermentation and production. Another fermented food is oncom , similar in some ways to tempeh but using a variety of bases (not only soy), created by different fungi, and particularly popular in West Java .

Savoury snacks
Ketan - traditionally refers to the glutinous rice itself as well as sticky rice delicacy in its simplest form. The handful mounds of glutinous rice are rounded and sprinkled with grated coconut, either fresh or sauteed as serundeng.
Ketupat - square-shaped crafts made from the same local leaves as palas, but it is usually filled with regular rice grains instead of pulut, though it depends on the maker.Gandos - a snack made from ground glutinous rice mixed with grated coconut, and fried
Lemang - wrapped in banana leaves and inside a bamboo , and left to be barbecued/grilled on an open fire, to make the taste and texture tender and uniquious.
Lemper - cooked glutinous rice with shredded meat inside and wrapped in banana leaves, popular in Java
Nasi kuning - either common rice or glutinous rice can be made into ketan kuning, yellow rice coloured with turmeric
Songkolo or Sokko - steamed black glutinous rice serves with serundeng, anchovies and sambal. It was very popular in Makassar.
Tumpeng - glutinous rice can be made into tumpeng nasi kuning, yellow rice coloured by turmeric , and shaped into a cone.

Sweet snacks

Variety of kue  - glutinous rice flour is also used in certain traditional local desserts, known as kue such as kue lapis.
Bubur ketan kitam  - black glutinous rice porridge with coconut milk and palm sugar syrup
Candil  - glutinous rice flour cake with sugar and grated coconut
Dodol  - traditional sweets made of glutinous rice flour and coconut sugar. Similar variants include wajik (or wajit).
Gemblong - white glutinous rice flour balls smeared with palm sugar caramel. In East Java, it was known as getas, except it uses black glutinous rice flour as the main ingredient.
Jipang (foods) - popped glutinous rice held together by caramelized sugar
Klepon  - glutinous rice flour balls filled with palm sugar and coated with grated coconut
Lupis  - glutinous rice wrapped in individual triangles using banana leaves and left to boil for a few hours. The rice pieces are then tossed with grated coconut all over and served with palm sugar syrup.
Onde Onde  - glutinous rice flour balls filled with sweetened mung bean paste and coated with sesame similar to Jin duei
Wingko babat  - baked glutinous rice flour with coconut

Savoury snacks
Ketan - traditionally refers to the glutinous rice itself as well as sticky rice delicacy in its simplest form. The handful mounds of glutinous rice are rounded and sprinkled with grated coconut, either fresh or sauteed as serundeng.
Ketupat - square-shaped crafts made from the same local leaves as palas, but it is usually filled with regular rice grains instead of pulut, though it depends on the maker.Gandos - a snack made from ground glutinous rice mixed with grated coconut, and fried
Lemang - wrapped in banana leaves and inside a bamboo , and left to be barbecued/grilled on an open fire, to make the taste and texture tender and uniquious.
Lemper - cooked glutinous rice with shredded meat inside and wrapped in banana leaves, popular in Java
Nasi kuning - either common rice or glutinous rice can be made into ketan kuning, yellow rice coloured with turmeric
Songkolo or Sokko - steamed black glutinous rice serves with serundeng, anchovies and sambal. It was very popular in Makassar.
Tumpeng - glutinous rice can be made into tumpeng nasi kuning, yellow rice coloured by turmeric , and shaped into a cone.

Sweet snacks

Variety of kue  - glutinous rice flour is also used in certain traditional local desserts, known as kue such as kue lapis.
Bubur ketan kitam  - black glutinous rice porridge with coconut milk and palm sugar syrup
Candil  - glutinous rice flour cake with sugar and grated coconut
Dodol  - traditional sweets made of glutinous rice flour and coconut sugar. Similar variants include wajik (or wajit).
Gemblong - white glutinous rice flour balls smeared with palm sugar caramel. In East Java, it was known as getas, except it uses black glutinous rice flour as the main ingredient.
Jipang (foods) - popped glutinous rice held together by caramelized sugar
Klepon  - glutinous rice flour balls filled with palm sugar and coated with grated coconut
Lupis  - glutinous rice wrapped in individual triangles using banana leaves and left to boil for a few hours. The rice pieces are then tossed with grated coconut all over and served with palm sugar syrup.
Onde Onde  - glutinous rice flour balls filled with sweetened mung bean paste and coated with sesame similar to Jin duei
Wingko babat  - baked glutinous rice flour with coconut

Fermented snacks
Brem - solid cake from the dehydrated juice of pressed fermented glutinous rice
Tapai ketan - cooked glutinous rice fermented with yeast, wrapped in banana or rose-apple leaves. Usually eaten as it is or in a mixed cold dessert
Glutinous rice (Oryza sativa var. glutinosa; also called sticky rice, sweet rice or waxy rice) is a type of rice grown mainly in Southeast and East Asia, and the northeastern regions of South Asia, which has opaque grains, very low amylose content, and is especially sticky when cooked. It is widely consumed across Asia.
It is called glutinous (Latin: glūtinōsus)^[1] in the sense of being glue-like or sticky, and not in the sense of containing gluten (which it does not). While often called sticky rice, it differs from non-glutinous strains of japonica rice, which also become sticky to some degree when cooked. There are numerous cultivars of glutinous rice, which include japonica, indica and tropical japonica strains.
Glutinous rice is distinguished from other types of rice by having no (or negligible amounts of) amylose and high amounts of amylopectin (the two components of starch). Amylopectin is responsible for the sticky quality of glutinous rice. The difference has been traced to a single mutation that farmers selected.^[2]^[9]
Like all types of rice, glutinous rice does not contain dietary gluten (i.e. does not contain glutenin and gliadin) and should be safe for gluten-free diets.^[10]
Glutinous rice can be used either milled or unmilled (that is, with the bran removed or not removed). Milled glutinous rice is white and fully opaque (unlike non-glutinous rice varieties, which are somewhat translucent when raw), whereas the bran can give unmilled glutinous rice a purple or black colour.^[11] Black and purple glutinous rice are distinct strains from white glutinous rice. In developing Asia, there is little regulation, and some governments have issued advisories about toxic dyes being added to colour adulterated rice. Both black and white glutinous rice can be cooked as discrete grains or ground into flour and cooked as a paste or gel.^{[citation needed]}
^{used in}such as in dumplings, as a filling or side in spicy dishes, with beans and fried by itself. (Rice cakes.)

Various Names  as
Gulai (Indonesian curry)
lalab  (raw vegetables Salad ),
ikan bakar r (grilled fish)
ikan goreng  (fried fish),
ayam goreng (fried chicken), Ayam goreng kalasan , served with kremes crispy granules
ayam penyet (smashed chicken),
iga penyet  (ribs), and various
soto (soups).
Kopi Bali (Balinese Coffee)
Perkedel Kentang (vegetable Fritters or आलू बोंडा ) using potato / Mashed Potato
Teh panas ( Hot Tea)
Sambal (Indonesian Chili sauce or paste ) There are 212 variants of sambal in Indonesia, with most of them originating in Java
ayam goreng  (fried chicken),
ayam bakar  (grilled chicken),
pepes pecel lele  (fried catfish),
fried gourami,
lawar  (chopped coconut, garlic, chili paper, with pork  or chicken meat and blood),
Bebek betutu  (duck stuffed with spices, wrapped in banana leaves and coconut husks cooked in a pit of embers),
Balinese sate  known as sate lilit made from spiced mince pressed onto skewers which are often lemongrass  sticks,
Babi guling  also known as celeng guling (a spit-roasted pig stuffed with chili peppers, turmeric, garlic and ginger )
Nasi goreng :  (Fried rice) dish with pieces of meat and vegetables
Nasi putih (white rice)
Nasi campur Bali  (Mixed rice) / simply nasi Bali. The Balinese nasi campur version of mixed rice may have grilled tuna , fried tofu, cucumber, spinach, tempe, beef  cubes, vegetable curry, corn, chili sauce on the bed of rice. Mixed rice is often sold by street vendors, wrapped in a banana leaf.
krupuk (crackers)
Tumpeng: the cone shaped rice surrounded by assorted Indonesian dishes.
Sambal : Indonesian hot and spicy chili sauce
rendang,
gado-gado.
Mie goreng "fried noodles"), also known as bakmi goreng, is an Indonesian  style of stir-fried noodle dish.
Bihun goreng , in Chinese Indonesian cuisine  , is stir fried  rice vermicelli with sweet soy sauce
bee hoon, mee hoon, or mai fun. (Rice Vermicelli)
Bihun kari, (rice vermicelli mixed with curry)
Bihun rebus or bihun kuah, also Chinese Indonesian (cuisine rice vermicelli soup)
Lumpia and risoles, several types of spring rolls (gorengan, fritters) with rice vermicelli and vegetable filling
risoles bihun (Vermicelli Spring rolls)
Mie bakso,( meatballs served with rice vermicelli soup).
Soto  (traditional Indonesian soup), various types of which often include rice vermicelli, as in Soto Ayam.
Sup oyong (Chinese okra), vegetable soup with rice vermicelli
Rengginang ( Rice Cracker)
Balinese
In Bali , the mixed rice called nasi campur Bali or simply nasi Bali is a favorite among tourists.This Balinese version of nasi campur probably is the most internationally well-known version, mostly due to the "Bali factor", the Balinese popularity  as the island resort among international visitors.The tastes are often distinctly local, punctuated by basa genep (lit. complete spices), the typical Balinese spice   used as the base for many curry and vegetable dishes. The Balinese version of mixed rice may have grilled tuna, fried tofu, cucumber, spinach, tempe, beef cubes, vegetable curry, corn, chili sauce on the bed of rice. Mixed rice is often sold by street vendors, wrapped in a banana leaf.
As a Hindu majority island, the Balinese version might add lawar  and babi guling  in their nasi campur fares. Nevertheless, the halal  version is available, with ayam betutu, sate lilit , and eggs to accompany the dish.
Lawar (non veg)
Balinese vegetable Lawar
Various vegetables and coconut with herbs and spices
Lawar (Balinese : ᬮᬯᬃ) is an Indonesian dish created from a mixture of vegetable, coconut t and minced meat mixed with rich herbs and spices, originating from Bali, Indonesia.  This dish is commonly found in restaurants and warungs  in Bali. Despite its rich vegetables mixture, lawar is not a vegetarian  dish, since most often it is mixed with minced meat or even blood.
Babi guling
(Traditional Pork Dish)
Babi guling

Indonesia's Unlikely Pork Feast

A pig roast or hog roast is an event or gathering which involves the barbecuing of a whole pig. Pig roasts, under a variety of names, are a common traditional celebration event in many places including the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Cuba.

Sate lilit
Sate lilit

This satay is made from minced pork, fish, chiken, beef, , or even turtle  meat, which is then mixed with grated coconut, thick coconut milk, lemon juice,  shallots, and pepper. The spiced minced meat is wound around bamboo, sugar cane or lemongrass bamboo,  sticks, it is then grilled on charcoal. Unlike skewers of other satay recipes which is made narrow and sharp, the bamboo skewer of sate lilit is flat and wide. This wider surface allowed the minced meat to stick and settle. The term lilit in Balinese and Indonesian means "to wrap around", which corresponds to its making method to wrapping around instead of skewering the meat.
Variants
As a Hindu majority island, the Balinese authentic version prefer pork and fish over other meat,  and beef is originally seldom consumed in Bali . However to cater larger consumer that do not consume pork, such as Indonesian Muslims  majority, in Balinese restaurant outside of Bali sate lilit often used chicken or beef instead. In Balinese fishing towns, such as the village of Kusamba, which faces the Nusa Penida Strait, sate lilit made from minced fish is favoured.
Two of the favorite satay in Bali are sate lilit, and sate ikan (fish satay). Although there are fish sate lilit made with minced fish, sate ikan is using chunk of fish meat instead. The authentic Balinese sate lilit and sate ikan are rich in bumbu , a mixture of spices and herbs. In Bali, almost every dish is flavored with bumbu megenep — a mix of spices and herbs ranging from lime leaves, to coconut milk, garlic, shallots, blue galangal, coriander, lesser galangal, turmeric and chili pepper.
Gallery

Nasi campur, Balinese version

Nasi campur Bali served with ayam betutu and vegetables

Nasi campur with rawon  from Surabaya

Vegetarian style nasi campur, served in Duta Mas, West Jakarta

Nasi campur with buffalo soup, served in Tana Toraja , South Sulawesi

Nasi campur served in Jeneponto, South Sulawesi

Javanese nasi campur with honey chicken and tempeh

Soto Indonesian Soup
Soto, especially Soto ayam  (chicken soto), is an Indonesian equivalent of chicken soup, . Because it is always served warm with a tender texture, it is considered an Indonesian comfort food.

Roasted Suckling Pig
Balinese Babi guling / or roasted suckling Pig
Babi guling  is a Balinese-style roast pork comparable to Hawaiian luau -style pig.

Chicken betutu (two left) and duck betutu (four right) hanged in a restaurant in Ngurah Rai Airport, Bali.
Beverages

Brem a Balinese rice wine
Balinese coffee, Kopi Bali, and hot tea, teh panas are popular. Tea is often served with sugar (gula) and condensed milk , susu. Brem is Balinese rice wine alcoholic beverage. It is made from fermented mash of black or white glutinous rice (known as Ketan) using a dry-starter, which called as Ragi tape.

Balinese Cuisine

Examples of Balinese dishes, such as sate lilit, nasi kuning, lawar, and lalah manis sambal  condiment

Nasi Kunning Indonesian yellow rice.
Yellow Rice Nasi kuning personal serving, surrounded with rich Indonesian dishes . Rice cooked in turmeric

Nasi kuning (Indonesian  for: "yellow rice "), or sometimes called nasi kunyit (Indonesian for: "turmeric rice"), is an Indonesian   fragrant rice dish  cooked with coconut. milk and turmeric, the name nasi kuning (yellow rice).
In the Philippines, a related dish exists in Mindanao, particularly among the Maranao people, where it is known as kuning . Like the Indonesian version, it primarily uses turmeric, but also adds lemongrass  and does not use coconut milk A similar dish is also found in Sri Lankan cuisine  where it is known as kaha buth (and Lamprais) and draws from both Indonesian and Sri Lankan influences.
Urap

Side dish served with main course. Main ingredients : Steamed vegetable  salad, shredded coconut t dressing
Urap (sometimes spelled urab or in its plural form urap-urap) is a salad dish of steamed vegetables mixed with seasoned and spiced grated coconut  for dressing. It is commonly found in Indonesian cuisine,, more precisely Javanese cuisine . Urap can be consumed on its own as a salad for vegetarian  meals or as a side dish. Urap is usually found as a prerequisite side dish of Javanese tumpeng , a cone shaped rice mound surrounded with assorted dishes, as well as part of a nasi kuning  dish. In Balinese cuisine it is known as Urab
Ingredients :
The vegetables which are usually used in urap are spinach, water spinach,h, young cassava  leaf, papaya  leaf, Chinese longbeans, , bean sprouts cabbage . To acquire a rich taste, most recipes insist on using freshly shredded old coconut flesh or serundeng. , instead of leftover. The shredded coconut is seasoned with ground shallot, garlic,, red chilli pepper, tamarind   juice, galangal , salt and coconut sugar.
Sambal
Traditional sambal terasi (prawn sauce) served in a stone mortar with garlic and lime. Served as side dish

Main Ingredients : Ground chilli pepper with salt, sugar,cooking oil, shallot, garlic, ginger, lemongrass, shrimp paste and anchovies.

Sambal is an Indonesian chilli sauce or paste, , typically made from a mixture of a variety of chilli peppers  with secondary ingredients such as shrimp paste,garlic, ginger, shallot,scallion, palm sugar, and lime juice.. Sambal is an Indonesian loanword  of Javanese  origin (sambel). It originated from the culinary traditions of Indonesia  and is also an integral part of the cuisines of Singapore, Malasia, Brunei and sri Lanka.  It has also spread through overseas Indonesian populations   to the Neitherlands and Surinam.
Various recipes of sambals are usually served as hot and spicy condiments for dishes, such as lalab  (raw vegetables), ikan bakar r (grilled fish),ikan goreng  (fried fish), ayam goreng (fried chicken), ayam penyet (smashed chicken), iga penyet  (ribs), and various soto soups. There are 212 variants of sambal in Indonesia, with most of them originating in Java
Lalab
Lalab Platter with Sambal

Raw vegetable salad
Lalab (Sudanese : ᮜᮜᮘ᮪, Lalab) or lalap/lalapan (Indonesian) is a Sudanese  raw vegetables  salad served with sambal terasi. It is a popular Sudanese  vegetable dish originated from West Java  & Banten Indonesia.
There are no set rules on what vegetables make into lalab, in practice all edible vegetables can be made as lalab. However, the most common raw vegetables are cucumber, tomato, cabbage, lettuce, lemon, basil, leunca  and long beans . While blanched  or boiled vegetables include spinach, papaya leaves and chayote.. The dressing for this salad usually is sambal terasi served directly from the stone mortar  as a spicy dipping sauce for these assorted raw vegetables.
Today, lalab is popular throughout Indonesia. It is usually served as vegetable side dish next to the main course, such as ayam goreng  (fried chicken), ayam bakar  (grilled chicken), pepes pecel lele  (fried catfish), fried gourami, and many other ikan goreng   (fried fish) or ikan bakar  (grilled fish).
Ayam Gogang
Fried Chicken/ Ayam Goreng Kalasan

Ayam goreng kalasan , served with kremes crispy granules.
Main Ingredients : Chicken turmeric, garlic, shallots  and other spices deep fried in coconut oil

Ayam goreng is an Indonesian Indonesian and Malaysian  dish consisting of chicken deep fried  in oil. Ayam goreng literally means "fried chicken " in Malay, Indonesia.
Marination & Spices
Some versions of ayam goreng are neither coated in batter  nor flour, but seasoned richly with various spices.  The spice mixture may vary among regions, but usually it consists of a combination of ground shallot , garlic, Indian bays leaves, turmeric, lemongrass and tamarind juice, candlenut, galangal, salt and sugar. The chicken pieces are soaked and marinated in the spice mixture for some time prior to frying, for the chicken to absorb the spices. The marination process might include heating the chicken in ground spices to assist the spice absorption. Most often prior to deep frying, ayam goreng is already half-cooked with yellowish colour tinted of turmeric. In Javanese, this process is called ungkep.
The chicken is then deep fried  in an ample amount of hot cooking oil, either palm / coconut oil. The chicken is well-fried until golden yellow. Some variants such as Javanese ayam goreng kremes might add the deep fried spiced flour as crispy granules. While in other recipes, these tasty granules are acquired from fried grated galangal or coconut (serundeng).
Ayam goreng is usually served with steamed rice, sambal  terasi (chili with shrimp paste) or sambal kecap (sliced chilli and shallot in sweet soy sauce) as a dipping sauce or condiment and slices of cucumber  and tomato for garnish. Fried tempeh  and tofu might be added as side dishes.
Variations
There are many recipes of ayam goreng, among the popular ones are:
Ayam goreng lengkuas: galangal  fried chicken also known as hayam goreng Bandung: Sundanese Bandung  style ayam goreng.
Ayam goreng Padang: Padang  style ayam goreng, there are several variants of Padang fried chicken. The most popular one is quite similar to galangal fried chicken.
Ayam pop : Padang style skinless pale fried chicken, served with distinct sambal
Ayam goreng balado: Padang or Minang   style fried chicken. The fried chicken pieces are coated with spicy balado   chilli paste.
Ayam goreng lado ijo: a variant of Minang-style ayam goreng balado using green chili pepper.
Ayam goreng Jakarta: Jakarta style ayam goreng.
Ayam goreng Kalasan :Javanese  fried chicken from Kalasan village, Yogyakarta.
Ayam goreng kremes: Javanese fried chicken with kremes crispy granules.
Ayam goreng serundeng: Javanese fried chicken with serundeng  grated coconut.
Pecel  ayam: East Javanese ayam goreng served with Sambal .
Ayam geprek : Yogyakarta crispy battered  ayam goreng crushed and mixed with hot and spicy sambal.
Ayam penyet: penyet is Javanese word for "squeezed" since the fried chicken is served in earthenware mortar  upon sambal   and squeezed with pestle to mix it with sambal.
Ayam goreng berempah: Malay  fried chicken, fried until golden burnt with crunchy flour bits – the signature of the dish.
Ayam goreng kunyit: Malay cubed chicken bits fried with turmeric coat.
In Indonesia and Malaysia various style of foreign fried chicken  is often also called as ayam goreng. Common Southern United States fried chicken is often called ayam goreng tepung or flour-battered or breaded  fried chicken. Common Mc Donald's  fried chicken is marketed as "Ayam Goreng McD" in Malaysia
Fruits
^{Fruits include rambutan, mangoes, mangosteen, bananas, jackfruit, passion fruit, nangka (jackfruit), pineapple, salak (snake fruit), duku, kelengkeng (longan), wani (white mango or Magnifera caesia ), papaya, melon, oranges, custard-apple, coconut and durian.}
Rambutan
^{Rambutan is rich in fiber, vitamin C and copper and contains smaller amounts of other nutrients. Its peel and seed are also full of nutrients but generally considered inedible.}
^{Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana_}
^{Mangosteen provides a variety of essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber while being low in calories. These nutrients are important for maintaining many functions in your body.}
Passion Fruit
Passion Fruit

Passion fruit is filled with a gelatinous pulp that’s full of seeds. The seeds are edible, but tart.Scoop out the passion fruit pulp with a spoon and place it in a bowl. You can also enjoy passion fruit pulp straight from the shell. All you’ll need is a spoon! Try sprinkling a little of your favorite sweetener onto the pulp to cut the tartness. Some people also add creams.

Salak / Snake Fruit
Salak / Snake Fruit

Snake fruit, more technically known as salak or salacca zalacca, is native to Indonesia but is now grown and produced around southeast Asia. The fruit grows on the salak palm tree, sprouting off the base of the palm in little clusters. It has a skin like snake. Just like wood apple,Don’t eat too many snake fruit, it will make you not use the toilet,”constipating.
Duku Fruit
Duku Tree

Duku Fruit

Duku tree fruit can be elliptical, avoid or round, measuring 2 to 7 centimeters. At a glance it looks like a small potato with yellowish skin with usually small brown dots. The skin can be peeled off to reveal white semi-transparent segments of sweet flesh. The smallest segments have no seed while the larger ones have a soft seed that is not eaten. The juicy flesh tastes like a combination of grape and grapefruit, and favored by many.
Wani / White Mango of bali

Wani / white Mango
Wani Bali is an exotic fruit also known as Balinese white mango (Mangifera caesia Jack), one of tropical fruit which belongs to genus mangifera (mango).

The fruit is specifically grows and could be found only in the Island of Bali. The shape almost alike mango but sometimes it can be identical as a shape of avocado too.
The vibrant light green skin color has always tantalizing, makes wonder and attract people to explore. The characteristic flavor and aroma have prompted to many people, I would say its a blend aroma of Mango and Jackfruit.
Durian
Famous stinking Fruit

Durian

Strong Aroma
The opinions on the smell differ: some gourmets find it weird, while others call it fragrant. The sweet taste and creamy texture of durian make some people fall for it. The fruit is exclusive to tropical climates and even though in modern days you can discover this flavor in candies, it's nothing like trying the flesh of the fruit actually
Spices and seasonings
Making Balinese basa gede bumbu
using pestle and mortar
Basa gede, also known as basa rajang, is a spice paste that is a basic ingredient in many Balinese dishes. Basa gede form the cornerstone of many Balinese dishes. Its ingredients include garlic, , red chili pepper,, Asian shallot, nutmeg, ginger, turmeric, palm sugar,cumin, shrimp paste  and salam leaves (Indonesian bay leaf ).

Balinese dishes are punctuated by basa genep, the typical Balinese spice mix used as the base for many curry and vegetable dishes. As well as bumbu (seasoning) used as a marinade. Tabia lala manis, which is a thin soy sauce with chili peppers, and sambal matah  are popular condiments.
shes
Balinese preparing pork satay for communal religious ceremony

Betutu (non veg)
Betutu  is eaten in Bali as well as Lombok , and West Nusa Tenggara . It is a roasted poultry dish (chicken or duck) with spices. Lawar is a traditional vegetable and meat dish in Bali Vegetable and meat dish served with rice. It consists of shredded unripe Jackfruit, young banana flower, a liberal amount of pork rind pork rind bits, raw pig blood. These are mashed with herbs such as lemongrass, kafir lime leaves, shallots, and garlic.

Bebuk Betutu
Roasted chicken or duck in spices
In Bali, betutu's tastes and ways of cooking are different according to regions: in Klungkung, chicken is stuffed with betutu spices; in Gianyar betutu is cooked with a plantain leaf wrapping; and in Gilimanuk, betutu is hot and spicy.
Betutu (Balinese script : : ᬩᭂᬢᬸᬢᬸ) is a Balinese dish of steamed or roasted chicken or duck in rich bumbu betutu (betutu spice mix). This highly seasoned and spiced dish is a popular dish in Bali Bali and Lombok, Indonesia. An even spicier version is available using extra-spicy sauce made from uncooked (raw) onion slices mixed with red chili peppers chili and coconut oil. .
Betutu is a richly spiced Balinese poultry dish. It is often cad according to its main ingredients; ayam betutu is chicken betutu, while bebek betutu is the duck version. This traditional dish can be found on the menu of luxury hotels or restaurants in Bali, and it is popular among tourists.
Nasi Campur

Nasi Camper (Mixed rice) Nai putir steamed white rice

Nasi campur (Indonesian for 'mixed rice'), also known as nasi rames (Javanese : ꦤꦱꦶꦫꦩꦼꦱ꧀,lit . 'mixed rice') or sega campur (Javanese : refers to an Indonesian dish of a scoop of nasi putih (white rice) accompanied by small portions of a number of other dishes, which includes meats, vegetables, peanuts, eggs, and fried-shrimp krupuk (crackers) Depending on origin, a nasi campur vendor might serve several side dishes, including vegetables, fish, and meats. It is a staple meal from Indonesia and popular in Malaysia, Singapur , Borneo, , and southern Thailand , and also the Netherlands  through its colonial ties with Indonesia. A similar form called chanpura  exists in Okinawa.

Tempung
Tumpeng: the cone shaped rice surrounded by assorted Indonesian dishes.

Tumpeng (Javanese : ꦠꦸꦩ꧀ꦥꦼꦁ; Balinese : ᬢᬸᬫ᭄ᬧᭂᬂ) is an Indonesian  cone-shaped rice dish with side dishes of vegetables and meat originating from Javanese cuisine Indonesia.  Traditionally featured in the slamatan  ceremony, the rice is made by using a cone-shaped woven bamboo container. The rice itself may be plain steamed rice, uduk rice  (cooked with coconut milk ), or yellow (uduk rice colored with kunyit (turmeric)).
The rice cone is erected in the tampah (rounded woven bamboo container), covered with a banana leaf, and surrounded by assorted Indonesian dishes. In 2013, the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism and creative economy  promoted tumpeng as one of 30 Indonesian culinary  icons and gave it the status of official national dish   of Indonesia in 2014, describing it as "the dish that binds the diversity of Indonesian various culinary traditions."

Nasi Uduk

Rice cooked in coconut milk with side dishes

Warung (Food Stands)

Warung (Food Stands)

A warung (old spelling : waroeng or warong) is a type of small family-owned business — a small retail eatery or cafe — in Indonesia  (and to a lesser extent, Malaysia  and Surinam Suriname. A warung is an essential part of daily life in Indonesia. In the passage of time, the term warung has slightly shifted — especially among foreign visitors, expatriates, and people abroad — to refer more specifically to a modest Indonesian eatery or a place that sells Indonesian retail things (mostly groceries or foodstuff). But for the majority of Indonesians, the meaning is still a small, neighborhood convenience shop, often a front room in a family's home.
There are establishments on the touristy island of Bali  and elsewhere that attach the term warung in their business to indicate their Indonesian nature. Traditionally, warung is indeed a family-owned business, run by the family members, mostly by women.
Traditional warungs are made from wooden, bamboo or thatched materials. More permanent warungs are made from bricks and concrete, some family-owned businesses are attached to their homes. Some smaller portable warungs are made from tin, zinc or some modern version might use fiberglass  mold. Warung tenda is a portable tent  warung, covered with canvas, fabric, tarp  or plastic sheet tent for roofing.

Javanese Cuisine. Tumpeng cone shaped rice surrounded with chicken, omelette eggs, sambel goreng ati (beef liver in sambal), potato perkedel , and tempeh  orek. Tumpeng is one of the most famous Javanese dishes.

Perkedel Kentang using potato / Mashed Potato/
आलू बोंडा

Main ingredients : Batter (wheat flour, corn starch,egg), chili pepper, corn, carrot, seasoning.
Perkedel are vegetable fritters  from Indonesian cuisine.  Most common perkedel are made from meshed potatoes yet there are other popular variants which includes perkedel jagung (peeled maize perkedel) and perkedel tahu (tofu  perkedel) and perkedel ikan (minced fish). Throughout most of Indonesia it is called perkedel; however, it is called begedil in Javanese , and also called that way in Malaysia and Singapore , which could suggest that this fried food was introduced by Javanese immigrants to Malaysia and Singapore.

Tempeh as starter
Tempeh or tempe  is a traditional Indonesian  food made from fermented soyabean  soybeans. It is made by a natural culturing and controlled fermentation  process that binds soybeans  into a cake form. A fungus, Rhizopus oligosporus  is used in the fermentation process and is also known as tempeh starter.
The type of soybean first used to make tempeh was the black soybean, which was a native plant.This later changed with the importation of white/yellow soybeans and the rise of the tofu industry on the island.
It is especially popular on the island of Java , where it is a staple  source of protein. Like tofu, tempeh is made from soybeans, but it is a whole-soybean product with different nutritional  characteristics and textural qualities. Tempeh's fermentation process and its retention of the whole bean  give it a higher content of protein and dietary fiber and vitamins.s. It has a firm texture and an earthy flavor , which becomes more pronounced as it ages.
Tempah being sold in traditional market in Indonesia

Corn( Also known as bakwan Jagung ) Perkedel

Sudanese Restaurant Jakarta
Ikan Bakar is grilled fish.nasi timbel rice rapped in banana leaf. Ayam Goreng Fried chicken. Sambal Fried.Tempeh and tofu . sayur asem the bowl of water with lime is Koboken.

Indonesian food during id

Opor ayam  (curry style), gulai, ketupat, diced potatoes with spices, and bawang goreng served during Lebaran (Eid al-Fitr) in Indonesia.

Gulai an Indonesian Curry

A Plate of chicken Gulai / Kari / Curry

Cooking Gulai in Kawah. A large vessel akin to a wok.

Various types of Gulai is offered in nasi kapau. food stall in Agam Regency
It is a local adaptive of Indian curry.

Nasi Gorang
Nasi Gorang / Asian Fried rice dish with pieces of meat and vegetables

Nasi goreng  is a Southeast Asian Fried rice  dish, usually cooked with pieces of meat and vegetables. One of Indonesia's national dishes  it is also eaten in Malay -speaking communities in countries such as Malasia, Singapore and Brunei , and has gained popularity in Sri Lanka through migrations from the Malay Archipelago  in countries like Suriname via Indonesian immigrant communities,  and in the Netherlands  through its colonial ties with Indonesia. Nasi goreng is distinguished from other Asian fried rice preparations by its distinct smoky aroma, and caramelised yet savoury undertones of flavour. There is no single defined recipe for nasi goreng, and its composition and preparation varies greatly from household to household.
Nasi goreng has long been considered an important staple of Indonesian cuisine.  In 2018, it is officially recognized by the Indonesian government as one of the country's five national dishes. A ubiquitous meal throughout Indonesia, particularly for breakfast, it can be enjoyed in simple versions from a tin plate at a roadside food stall, eaten on porcelain in restaurants, or collected from the buffet tables at dinner parties in urban cities like Jakarta Premixed packaged seasonings for nasi goreng are widely available for purchase, and microwave-heated Frozen versions of nasi goreng may be found in convenience store  outlets throughout Indonesia.
Mia Gorang /Stir fried noodles/ Bekami Gorang

Mie goreng (Indonesian : mi goreng; meaning "fried noodles"), also known as bakmi goreng, is an Indonesian style of stir-fried noodle dish. It is made with thin yellow noodles  stir fried in cooking oil  with garlic, onion, or shallots , fried prawn, chicken, beef, , or sliced bakso  (meatballs), chili, Chinese cabbage , cabbages, tomato, egg. , and other vegetables. Ubiquitous in Indonesia, it is sold by food vendors from street-hawkers, Warungs , to high-end restaurants.

Rice Sticks / Strand of rice vermicelli/ thin form of noodles

Bihun Gorang / Fried Noodles cooked with rice vermicelli

Vegetable style Bihun Gorang / Chinese Indonesian Cuisine
Bihun goreng , in Chinese Indonesian cuisine , is stir fried  rice vermicelli with sweet soy sauce

Nasi Goreng and bihun Goreng served with coffee at breakfast in Indonesia

In Singapore, rice vermicelli is locally known and spelled as bee hoon, mee hoon, or mai fun The dish is generally prepared mild without any spicy seasonings, and is a popular option for breakfast.

Bihun Goreng Singapore/ Fried rice vermicelli

Bihun kari, rice vermicelli mixed with curry

Fusion Food of Rice noodle with chicken curry soup.

Bihun rebus or bihun kuah, also Chinese Indonesian (cuisine rice vermicelli soup)

Bihun rebus / Rice Vermicelli Soup

Lumpia and risoles, several types of spring rolls (gorengan, fritters) with rice vermicelli and vegetable filling

Risol bihun / Vermicelli Spring rolls

Mie bakso, meatballs served with rice vermicelli soup.
Meatballs served with rice vermicelli

Soto (traditional Indonesian soup), various types of which often include rice vermicelli, as in soto ayam

Soto / Traditional Indonesian Soup

Sup oyong (Chinese okra, vegetable soup) with rice vermicelli

Okra soup

Rice Vermicelli and Chinese Okra Soup

Tekwan, a

Tekwan surimi type fish ball soup related to pempek  from South Sumatra , also includes rice vermicelli, mushroom, jicama   and sedap malam flower
Glutinous Rice or Sticky Rice
Sticky Rice

Glutinous rice (Oryza sativa also called sticky rice, sweet rice or waxy rice) is a type of rice  grown mainly in South East  and East Asia , and the northeastern regions of South Asia , which has opaque grains, very low amylose   content, and is especially sticky when cooked. It is widely consumed across Asia.
It is called glutinous (Latin : glūtinōsus) in the sense of being glue-like or sticky, and not in the sense of containing gluten  (which it does not). While often called sticky rice, it differs from non-glutinous strains of japonica rice , which also become sticky to some degree when cooked. There are numerous cultivars of glutinous rice, which include japonica, indica and tropical japonica strains.
Glutinous rice is distinguished from other types of rice by having no (or negligible amounts of) amylose  and high amounts of amylopectin  (the two components of starch ). Amylopectin is responsible for the sticky quality of glutinous rice. The difference has been traced to a single mutation that farmers selected.
Like all types of rice, glutinous rice does not contain dietary gluten (i.e. does not contain glutenin  and gliadin) and should be safe for gluten free diets.
Glutinous rice can be used either milled or unmilled (that is, with the bran removed or not removed). Milled glutinous rice is white and fully opaque (unlike non-glutinous rice varieties, which are somewhat translucent when raw), whereas the bran can give unmilled glutinous rice a purple or black colour. Black and purple glutinous rice are distinct strains from white glutinous rice. In developing Asia, there is little regulation, and some governments have issued advisories about toxic dyes  being added to colour adulterated  rice. Both black and white glutinous rice can be cooked as discrete grains or ground into flour and cooked as a paste or gel.
used in such as in dumplings, as a filling or side in spicy dishes, with beans  and fried by itself. (Rice cakes s.)
Glutinous rice is known as beras ketan or simply ketan in Java  and most of Indonesia, and pulut in Sumatra . It is widely used as an ingredient for a wide variety of sweet, savoury, or fermented snacks. Glutinous rice is used as either hulled grains or milled into flour. It is usually mixed with santan , meaning coconut milk in Indonesian, along with a bit of salt to add some taste. Glutinous rice is rarely eaten as a staple. One example is lemang , which is glutinous rice and coconut milk cooked in bamboo stems lined by banana leaves. Glutinous rice is also sometimes used in a mix with normal rice in rice dishes such as nasi tumpeng or nasi tim . It is widely used during the Lebaran seasons as traditional food. It is also used in the production of alcoholic beverages such as tuak  and brem bali.

Rengginang / Rice Cracker
Rengginang or ranginang is a kind of Indonesian thick rice cracker, made from cooked glutinous sticky rice and seasoned with spices, made into a flat and rounded shape, and then sun-dried. The sun-dried rengginang is deep fried with ample cooking oil to produce a crispy rice cracker.

Chinese glutinous rice dishes
Glutinous zonzi rice dumplings, without and with bamboo leaf wrapping

Glutinous rice ball dessert, filled with sesame paste

Deep fried glutinous rice ball dumplings

Fried slices of Shanghai Nian cake

Chinese glutinous rice pancake or "Chinese pizza"

Ba bao fanUse in foods[

Bali Hindu wedding traditional dress

Central Bali All-You-Can-See Tour: Waterfall, Elephant Cave, Tirta Empul, Tegalalang Rice Terrace & Sacred Monkey Forest

Ubud Monkey Forest Sanchury
Long Tailed Monkey, longer than its body with mustache and whiskers

Crab Eating Monkey / cynomolgus monkey

Stone tool usage by crab-eating macaques
100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species

A long-tailed macaque is walking on a footpath in the Ubud Monkey Forest. The Ubud Monkey Forest is the sanctuary and natural habitat of the Balinese long-tailed Monkey. Ubud, Bali, Indonesia.
Crab Eating Macaque
A crab-eating macaque using a stone as tool

Crabs

The crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis), also known as the long-tailed macaque and referred to as the cynomolgus monkey in laboratories, is a ceropithecine primate native to Southeast Asia. A species of macaque , the crab-eating macaque has a long history alongside humans.The species has been alternately seen as an agricultural pest a sacred animal, and, more recently, the subject of medical experiments.
The crab-eating macaque lives in matrilineal social groups of up to eight individuals dominated by females.Male members leave the group when they reach puberty It is an opportunistic omnivore and has been documented using tools to obtain food in Thailand and Myanmar .The crab-eating macaque is a known invasive species and a threat to biodiversity in several locations, including Hong Kong and western New Guinea.The significant overlap in macaque and human living space has resulted in greater habitat loss synanthropic living, and inter- and intraspecies conflicts over resources.
Etymology
Macaca comes from the Portug

Adult crab-eating macaque with a baby

Macaca comes from the Portuguese word macaco, which was derived from makaku, a word in pbinda , a language of Central Africa (kaku means monkey in Ibinda).^[The specific epithet fascicularis is Latin for a small band or stripe. Sir Thomas Raffles , who gave the animal its scientific name in 1821, did not specify what he meant by the use of this word.

Juvenile crab eating macaque

In Indonesia and Malaysia, the crab-eating macaque and other macaque species are known generically as kera, possibly because of their high-pitched cries.
The crab-eating macaque has several common names. It is often referred to as the long-tailed macaque due to its tail, which is often longer than its body. The name crab-eating macaque refers to its being often seen foraging beaches for crabs. Characteristics
A crab-eating macaque in West Sumatra.

The body length of the adult, which varies among subspecies, is 38–55 cm (15–22 in) with relatively short arms and legs. Males are considerably larger than females, weighing 5–9 kg (11–20 lb) compared to the 3–6 kg (6.6–13.2 lb) of females. The tail is longer than the body, typically 40–65 cm (16–26 in), which is used for balance when they jump distances up to 5 m (16 ft). The upper parts of the body are dark brown with light golden brown tips. The under parts are light grey with a dark grey/brown tail. Crab-eating macaques have backwards-directed crown hairs which sometimes form short crests on the midline. Their skin is black on their feet and ears, whereas the skin on the muzzle is a light grayish pink color. The eyelids often have prominent white markings and sometimes there are white spots on the ears. Males have a characteristic mustache and cheek whiskers , while females have only cheek whiskers. Crab-eating macaques have a cheek pouch which they use to store food while foraging. Females show no perineal swelling..(
Sexual swelling, Sexual skin, or Anogenital tumescence refers to localized engorgement of the anus and genital region of some female primates that vary in size over the course of the menstrual cycle.)

Female Crab Eating monkey have cheek Whiskers
Distribution and habitat
The crab-eating macaque's native range encompasses most of mainland South East Asia , from extreme southeastern Bangladesh  south through the Malay Peninsula  and Singapore , the Maritime Southeast Asia  islands of Sumatra, Java and Borneo , offshore islands, the islands of the Philippines , and the Nicobar Islands  in the Bay of Bengal . This primate is a rare example of a terrestrial mammal that violates the Wallace line, being found out across the Lesser Sunda Islands. It lives in a wide variety of habitats, including primary lowland rainforest, disturbed and secondary rainforests, shrubland, and riverine and coastal forests of nipa palm and mangrove . It also easily adjusts to human settlements and is considered sacred at some Hindu temples and on some small islands, but as a pest around farms and villages. Typically, it prefers disturbed habitats and forest periphery.
Introduced range
The crab-eating macaque is an introduced alien species in several countries, including Hong Kong, Taiwan, West Papua, Papua New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Nauru, Vanuatu, Pohnpei, Anggaur Island in Palau , and Mauritius. This has led the Invasive Species Specialist Group of the International Union for Conservation of Nature to list the crab-eating macaque as one of the "100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species". In Mauritius, it is a threat for the endemic and endangered Rousseau simplex, as it destroys its flowers. It also hinders germination of some endemic trees by destroying most of their fruits when unripe and competes with the endemic endangered Mauritian flying fox for native fruits.
Where it is not a native species, particularly on island ecosystems whose species often evolved in isolation from large predators, it is a documented threat to many native species. The immunovaccine porcine zona pellucida (PZP), which causes infertility in females, is currently being tested in Hong Kong to investigate its use as potential population control.
Group living
Social Groups of Monkeys

Macaques live in social groups  that contain three to 20 females, their offspring, and one or many males. The groups usually have fewer males than females. In social groups of macaques, a clear dominance hierarchy  is seen among females. These ranks remain stable throughout the female's lifetime and also can be sustained through generations of matrilines . Females have their highest birth rates around 10 years of age and completely stop bearing young by age 24.
The social groups of macaques are female-bonded, meaning the males will disperse at the time of puberty . Thus, group relatedness  on average appears to be lower than compared to matrilines . More difference in relatedness occurs when comparing high-ranking lineages to lower ranking lineages, with higher-ranking individuals being more closely related to one another. Additionally, groups of dispersing males born into the same social groups display a range of relatedness, at times appearing to be brothers, while at other times appearing to be unrelated.
Alpha Male / A high-ranking male mandril  advertises his status with bright facial coloration

In addition to the matrilineal dominance hierarchy, male dominance rankings also exist. Alpha males have a higher frequency of mating compared to their lower-ranking conspecifics. The increased success is due partially to his increased access to females and also due to female preference of an alpha male during periods of maximum Fertility . Though females have a preference for alpha males, they do display promiscuous behavior. Through this behavior, females risk helping to rear a non-alpha offspring, yet benefit in two specific ways, both in regard to aggressive behavior. First, a decreased value is placed on one single copulation . Moreover, the risk of infanticide  is decreased due to the uncertainty of paternity.
Increasing group size leads to increased competition and energy spent trying to forage  for resources, and in particular, food. Further, social tensions build and the prevalence of tension-reducing interactions like social grooming  fall with larger groups. Thus, group living appears to be maintained solely due to the safety against predation.
Dusky leaf Monkey / or Spectacled Monkey

Pig Tailed Macaque
Crab-eating macaques sometimes form mixed species groups with other primate species, including the southern pig-tailed macaque, dusky langur and white-thighed surili. They have been observed engaging in grooming with other primate species, including the southern pig-tailed macaque and leaf monkeys  such as Raffles' banded langur and the dusky langur.
White Thighed Surili
They are characterized by the white patches located on the outside of their legs, which is what gives them their name.
Raffles' banded langur (Presbytis femoralis)

Conflict
Group living in all species is dependent on the tolerance of other group members. In crab-eating macaques, successful social group living requires post-conflict resolution. Usually, less dominant individuals lose to a higher-ranking individual when conflict arises. After the conflict has taken place, lower-ranking individuals tend to fear the winner of the conflict to a greater degree. In one study, this was seen in the ability to drink water together. Postconflict observations showed a staggered time between when the dominant individual begins to drink and the subordinate. Long-term studies reveal the gap in drinking time closes as the conflict moves further into the past.
Grooming and support in conflict among primates  is considered to be an act of reciprocal altruism. In crab-eating macaques, an experiment was performed in which individuals were given the opportunity to groom one another under three conditions: after being groomed by the other, after grooming the other, and without prior grooming. After grooming took place, the individual that received the grooming was much more likely to support their groomer than one that had not previously groomed that individual. These results support the reciprocal altruism theory of grooming in long-tailed macaques.
Crab-eating macaques demonstrate two of the three forms of suggested post-conflict behavior. In both captive and wild studies, the monkeys demonstrated reconciliation, or an affiliative interaction between former opponents, and redirection, or acting aggressively towards a third individual. Consolation was not seen in any study performed.
Postconflict anxiety  has been reported in crab-eating macaques that have acted as the aggressor. After a conflict within a group, the aggressor appears to scratch itself at a higher rate than before the conflict. Though the scratching behavior cannot definitely be termed as an anxious behavior, evidence suggests this is the case. An aggressor's scratching decreases significantly after reconciliation. This suggests reconciliation rather than a property of the conflict is the cause of the reduction in scratching behavior. Though these results seem counterintuitive, the anxiety of the aggressor appears to have a basis in the risks of ruining cooperative  relationships with the opponent.
Behavior and ecology
In a study, a group of crab-eating macaques was given ownership of a food object. Unsurprisingly, adult females favored their own offspring by passively, yet preferentially, allowing them to feed on the objects they held. When juveniles were in possession of an object, mothers robbed them and acted aggressively at an increased rate towards their own offspring compared to other juveniles. These observations suggest close proximity influences behavior in ownership, as a mother's kin are closer to her on average. When given a nonfood object and two owners, one being a kin and one not, the rival will choose the older individual to attack regardless of kinship . Though the hypothesis remains that mother-juvenile relationships may facilitate social learning of ownership, the combined results clearly point to aggression towards the least-threatening individual.
A study was conducted in which food was given to 11 females. They were then given a choice to share the food with kin or nonkin. The kin altruism hypothesis suggests the mothers would preferentially give food to their own offspring. Yet eight of the 11 females did not discriminate between kin and nonkin. The remaining three did, in fact, give more food to their kin. The results suggest it was not kin selection, but instead spite  that fueled feeding kin preferentially. This is due to the observation that food was given to kin for a significantly longer period of time than needed. The benefit to the mother is decreased due to less food availability for herself and the cost remains great for nonkin due to not receiving food. If these results are correct, crab-eating macaques are unique in the animal kingdom, as they appear not only to behave according to the kin selection theory, but also act spitefully toward one another.
Reproduction
After a gestation  period of 162–193 days, the female gives birth to one infant. The infant's weight at birth is about 320 g (11 oz).^[11] Infants are born with black fur which will begin to turn to a grey or reddish-brown shade (depending on the subspecies) after about three months of age. This natal  coat may indicate to others the status of the infant, and other group members treat infants with care and rush to their defense when distressed. Immigrant males sometimes kill infants not own   in order to shorten interbirth intervals . High-ranking females will sometimes kidnap  the infants of lower-ranking females. These kidnappings can result in the death of the infants, as the other female is usually not lactation . A young juvenile stays mainly with its mother and relatives. As male juveniles get older, they become more peripheral to the group. Here they play together, forming crucial bonds that may help them when they leave their natal group. Males that emigrate  with a partner are more successful than those that leave alone. Young females, though, stay with the group and become incorporated into the matriline into which they were born.
Male crab-eating macaques groom  females to increase the chance of mating. A female is more likely to engage in sexual activity with a male that has recently groomed her than with one that has not.
Diet
Long-tailed macaque and her young eating a banana

Long-tailed macaque and her young eating a banana.
Despite its name, the crab-eating macaque typically does not consume crabs ; rather, it is an opportunistic omnivore , eating a variety of animals and plants. Although fruits and seeds make up 60 - 90% of its diet, it also eat leaves, flowers, roots, and bark. It sometimes preys on vertebrates including bird chicks, nesting female birds, lizards, frogs, and fish, invertebrates, and bird eggs. In Indonesia, it has become a proficient swimmer and diver for crabs and other crustaceans in mangrove swamps.

The crab-eating macaque exhibits particularly low tolerance for swallowing seeds. Despite its inability to digest seeds, many primates of similar size swallow large seeds, up to 25 mm (0.98 in), and simply defecate them whole. The crab-eating macaque, though, spits seeds out if they are larger than 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in). This decision to spit seeds is thought to be adaptive; it avoids filling the monkey's stomach with wasteful bulky seeds that cannot be used for energy.It also can help the plants by distributing seeds to new areas: Crab-eating macaques eat durians  such as Durio graveolens and D zibethinus , and are a major seed disperser  for the latter species.

Although the crab-eating macaque is ecologically well-adapted and poses no threat to population stability of prey species in its native range, in areas where it is not native, it can pose a substantial threat to biodiversity Some believe the crab-eating macaque is responsible for the extinction of forest birds by threatening critical breeding areas  as well as eating the eggs and chicks of endangered forest birds.

The crab-eating macaque can become a synanthrope , living off human resources. It feeds in cultivated fields on young dry rice, cassava leaves, rubber fruit, taro plants, coconuts, mangos, and other crops, often causing significant losses to local farmers. In villages, towns, and cities, it frequently takes food from garbage cans and refuse piles.  It can become unafraid of humans in these conditions, which can lead to macaques directly taking food from people, both passively and aggressively.

Tool use
A crab-eating macaque using a stone as tool

In Thailand and Myanmar, crab-eating macaques use stone tools to open nuts, oysters and other bivalves, and various types of sea snails, nerites, muricids and trochids along the Andaman sea coast and offshore islands.
Another instance of tool use is washing and rubbing foods such as sweet potatoes, cassava roots, and papaya leaves before consumption. Crab-eating macaques either soak these foods in water or rub them through their hands as if to clean them. They also peel the sweet potatoes, using their incisors and canine teeth. Adolescents appear to acquire these behaviors by observational learning of older individuals.
Relationship with humans
A crab-eating macaque living in a human vicinity, with a stolen asthma inhaler
Crab-eating macaques extensively overlap with humans across their range in Southeast Asia. Consequently, they live together in many locations. Some of these areas are associated with religious sites and local customs, such as the temples of Bali in Indonesia, Thailand , and Cambodia , while other areas are characterized by conflict as a result of habitat loss and competition over food and space. Humans and crab-eating macaques have shared environments since prehistoric times, and both tend to frequent forest and river edge habitats. Crab-eating macaques are occasionally used as a food source for some indigenous forest-dwelling peoples. In Mauritius, they are captured and sold to the pharmaceutical industry, and in Angaur and Palau, they are sold as pets.Macaques feed on sugarcane and other crops, affecting agriculture and livelihoods, and can be aggressive towards humans. Macaques may carry potentially fatal human diseases, including herpes B virus In Singapore , they have adapted into the urban environment.

The macaques have also developed a reputation for actively stealing items from humans (cameras, eyeglasses, hats, etc.), then refusing to return their stolen goods until given food in return. This unique form of kleptoparasitism (known as "robbing and bartering") has primarily been observed in smaller groups of macaques living near Hindu temples and tourist-heavy areas, suggesting it is a learned behaviour within social groups, in response to realizing that humans would trade food for their possessions back.

Macaque with soda can

In scientific research

M. fascicularis is also used extensively in medical experiments, in particular those connected with neuroscience and disease. Due to their close physiology, they can share infections with humans. Some cases of concern have been an isolated event of Reston ebolavirus found in a captive-bred population shipped to the US from the Philippines, which was later found to be a strain of Ebola that has no known pathological consequences in humans, unlike the African strains. Furthermore, they are a known carrier of monkey B virus (Herpesvirus simiae), a virus which has produced disease in some lab workers working mainly with rhesus macaques (M. mulatta). Nafovanny, the largest facility for the captive breeding of nonhuman primates in the world, houses 30,000 macaques . Plasmodium knowlesi, which causes malaria in M. fascicularis, can also infect humans. A few cases have been documented in humans, but for how long humans have been getting infections of this malarial strain is unknown. It is, therefore, not possible to assess if this is a newly emerging health threat, or if just newly discovered due to improved malarial detection techniques. Given the long history of humans and macaques living together in Southeast Asia, it is likely the latter.
The use of crab-eating macaques and other nonhuman primates in experimentation is controversial with critics charging that the experiments are cruel, unnecessary and lead to dubious findings. One of the most well known examples of experiments on crab-eating macaques is the 1981 Silver Spring monkeys case.
Silver Spring monkeys

In 2014, 21,768 crab-eating macaques were imported in the United States to be used in experimentation.
Conservation status
The crab-eating macaque has the third-largest range of any primate species, behind only humans and rhesus macaques. The IUCN Red List categorizes the species as endangered, and CITES lists them as Appendix II. The species' IUCN status was changed in the summer of 2022 from the Least Concern classification in 2020 as a result of declining population resulting from hunting and troublesome interactions with humans, despite its wide range and ability to adapt to different habitats. These interactions include the skyrocketing demand for crab-eating macaques by the medical industry during the Covid-19 pandemic, and the rapid development of the landscape in South East Asia A 2008 review of their populations suggested a need for better monitoring of populations due to increased wild trade and rising levels of human-macaque conflict, which continue to decrease overall population levels despite the species' wide distribution.
Caution
Please be cautious of the monkeys at Ubud Monkey Forest. It is important to remove shiny materials (earrings, necklace, hair clips, glasses, etc.) which may attract their curiosity
Monkey Forest

Garuda Plaza
The Sacred Monkey Forest Sanctuary in Bali is a natural forest sanctuary, home to that is home to over 700 Balinese long-tailed macaques, which are considered sacred by the locals. Situated on a hill, the trek takes you through many stairs and winding paths throughout the forest.
Stay 2-3 hours
The best time to visit the temple is in the morning. See the monkeys up close, watch them play, eat, and interact with each other. Explore the lush forest as you discover hidden temples, statues, and bridges and learn about the traditional beliefs and practices of the Balinese people. Take photos of the monkeys, temples, and forest surroundings and then later attend, Balinese dance performances in a small amphitheatre. Take a break from the hustle and enjoy the scenery.

The best time to visit the temple is in the morning. See the monkeys up close, watch them play, eat, and interact with each other. Explore the lush forest as you discover hidden temples, statues, and bridges and learn about the traditional beliefs and practices of the Balinese people. Take photos of the monkeys, temples, and forest surroundings and then later attend, Balinese dance performances in a small amphitheatre. Take a break from the hustle and enjoy the scenery.

Primates at Ubud Monkey Forest

Tips
Wear comfortable shoes and be prepared for a bit of a workout.
Respect the monkeys. Avoid feeding them or touching them and keep your distance if they seem aggressive or agitated.
Keep your belongings secure around the monkeys.
Check out the gift shop to buy cute monkey souvenirs.

Ubud Monley Forest jungle Swing

Old World Monkey or Baboon/  Cercopithecidae

Red Shank Douc

Javan Langur
Jawan Langur/ Lutang/ West Bali National Park
The East Javan langur (Trachypithecus auratus), also known as the ebony lutung, Javan langur or Javan lutung, is an old world monkey  from the Colobinae  subfamily. It is most commonly glossy black with a brownish tinge to its legs, sides, and "sideburns". It is found on the island of Java , as well as on several of the surrounding Indonesian islands.
Like all langurs, this species' tail is noticeably long, measuring up to 98 cm in length while the body is only around 55 cm long. The two subspecies of this lurang  are fairly similar in appearance and are geographically separated; males and females are both usually glossy black, although the females pale, yellowish white patch around the pubic area. Juveniles of both subspecies are orange in color. The nominate subspecies Trachypithecus auratus auratus has a rare morph  that does not lose its juvenile coloration when it matures, instead the coloration darkens slightly, with yellow tinges on its sides, limbs, and around its ears, and a black tinge on its back.
The East Javan langur inhabits the interior and peripheral areas of rainforests.
This primate primate is diurnal  and arboreal  Its diet is primarily herbivorous , eating leaves, fruit, flowers, and flower buds, although it also eats insect larvae. As with other colobines, it has evolved a specialised stomach to digest plant material more efficiently. This species also has enlarged salivary glands to assist it in breaking down food.
Like other langurs , the East Javan langur is a social animal , living in groups of around seven individuals, with one or two adult males in the group. Although they will look after offspring of other mothers as well as their own, adult females are aggressive towards females from other groups. The brighter coloring of juveniles may alert females to their presence and ensures that they will always be noticed and protected.  This species has no discernible mating season and females produce one offspring at a time.
Sunda Pangolin/ Manis Javanica/ Javan Pangolin

The skin of the Sunda pangolin's feet is granular, although pads are found on its front feet. It has thick and powerful claws to dig into the soils in search of ant nests or to tear into termite mounds. The Sunda pangolin has poor eyesight, but a highly developed sense of smell. Lacking teeth, its long, sticky tongue serves to collect ants and termites. Its body is covered by rows of scales and fibrous hair. The head-body length of this pangolin can measure 40–65 cm, tail length is 35–56 cm, and its weight is up to 10 kg. Males are larger than females
Pangolins give birth annually to one or two offspring. They breed in the autumn, and females give birth in the winter burrow. Den preference has been known to shift at this time to favor mature forest tree hollows. Presumably, these hollows offer more fortification and stability for the decreased mobility that comes with birthing and caring for young. The amount of time the mother will spend at any one of these dens will increase during parental care periods. Parental care is given for about three months. In these three months, the range of the mother Pangolin drastically decreases as she travels and forages with her offspring. Only a few weeks before the offspring becomes fully independent, the mother and her young can display brief spikes in diurnal activity. Pangolins are sometimes found in pairs, but normally they are solitary, nocturnal, and behave timidly. They protect their soft underparts by rolling into balls when they feel threatened. They are strong diggers and make burrows lined with vegetation for insulation near termite mounds and ant nests.
Sunda pangolins have low immunity, making them sensitive to fluctuations in temperature.
Goa Gajah / Elephant Cave
Entrance to Elephant cave bali / Menacing Faces for warding off of evil spirits
Goa Gajah, or Elephant Cave, is located on the island of Bali near Ubud  , in Indonesia. Built in the 9th century, it served as a sanctuary.
Bathing Temple Figures
History
Although the exact origins of the cave are uncertain, it is believed to have been built as place for spiritual meditation. One folklore relates that it was created by the fingernail of the legendary giant Kebo Iwa. However, examining its style, the sanctuary was probably dated from the 11th century Bali Kingdom . The complex contains both Hindu and Buddhist imagery, as the cave contains lingam and yoni, symbol of Shiva, and the image of Ganesha, while by the river there are carved images of stupas and chattra, imagery of Buddhism.
Bathing Temple

The cave was re-discovered by Dutch archaeologists in 1923, but the fountains and bathing pool were not discovered until 1954.
Site description
The temple is characterised by menacing faces that are carved into the stone – whose purpose is assumed to be the warding off of evil spirits. The primary figure was once thought to be an elephant, hence the nickname Elephant Cave. Other sources state that it is named after the stone statue of the Hindu God Ganesh (characterised by having the head of an elephant) located inside of the temple. The site is mentioned in the Javanese poem Desawarnana  written in 1365. An extensive bathing place on the site was not excavated until the 1950s.The entrance of the cave is accessed only by walking down a long flight of stairs.The inside of the temple is small and usually has trails of white smoke from the incense burning. Visitors wearing shorts will be issued a sarong to tie around the waist before entering the courtyard. The complex also contains 7 statues of women (out of which 1 has been destroyed due to an earthquake) holding water pitchers that depicts seven holy rivers of India: the Ganga River, Sarasvati River, Yamuna River, Godavari River, Sindhu River, Kaveri River, and Narmada River.
World Heritage Status
This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage  Tentative List on October 19, 1995, in the Cultural category but was pulled out along with 11 other sites on 2015.
Waterfall in Ubud Bali

Tegenungan Waterfall (Ubud)

Tegenungan Waterfall (Ubud)

Tegenungan Waterfall (Ubud)

Tegenungan Waterfall is a waterfall in Bali, Indonesia. It is located at the village of Tegenungan Waterfall is a waterfall in Bali, Indonesia. It is located at the village of Tegenungan Kemenuh, also known as Kemenuh Village on the Petanu River in the Gianyar Regency, north from the capital Denpasar and close to the Balinese artist village of Ubud. also known as Kemenuh Village on the Petanu River in the Gianyar Regency, north from the capital Denpasar and close to the Balinese artist village of Ubud.

Air Terjun Tegenungan is a beautiful natural waterfall located just a half-hour drive from Ubud. The lush greenery and picturesque falls are a great photo op to commemorate your trip to Bali. When the conditions are good, you can take a dip in the inviting pool at the base. For a bird's eye view of the falls, be sure to check out the viewpoint near the entrance. Also, note that there's a small fee to enter the waterfall. To make the most of your trip, take a guided tour to explore other waterfalls in Bali. And if you need a break, there are tourist shops and a day club nearby.
Ubud Art Market
Shopping in Ubud should start with the Ubud Art Market where you can find everything from handmade bags to scarves, Balinese paintings, masks and wood carvings.
The Ubud Art Market is a good place to find beautiful silk scarves, lightweight shirts, statues, kites, handmade woven bags, baskets or hats and many other
Saraswati Temple


Saraswati Temple

Dolphin Watching Activity


Dolphin-watching is a popular activity for tourists visiting Bali, particularly in the Lovina Beach area located in the northern part of the island. Other famous spots include the Amed in eastern Bali, Tanjung Benoa, and Sanur.

Tips

Stay prepared for an early morning start around 5:00 am.
Carry a jacket or a sweater as it may be cold early in the morning.
Carry motion sickness tablet if prone to seasickness.
Use life jackets in the boat.
Avoid touching the dolphins.

Bali Safari Marine Park

Bali Safari Marine Park is a popular tourist attraction located in Gianyar, Bali. The park offers a unique opportunity to get up close and personal with some of the world's most exotic animals in their natural habitat.
The park is divided into different zones, each offering a different experience. The Safari will take you through a thrilling ride where you can spot animals such as lions, tigers, elephants, and zebras roaming freely. The park also has a Marine Park zone that is home to a variety of aquatic animals. Other zones include the Bali Agung Show, which showcases a cultural show, and the Fun Zone, which offers various rides and attractions for children and adults. In addition to animal encounters, the park also offers dining options and accommodations, such as luxury tents and lodges.

People
The majority of Indonesian peoples share a common Austronesian ancestry,^[4] and traditional homes of Indonesia share a number of characteristics with houses from other Austronesian regions.^[4] The earliest Austronesian structures were communal timber longhouses on stilts, with steep sloping roofs and heavy gables, as seen in, for example, the Batak rumah adat and the Torajan Tongkonan.^[4] Variations on the communal longhouse principle are found among the Dayak people of Borneo, as well as the Mentawai people.^[4]
Location And Ticket prizes
The Barong Ubud dance performance only occurs sometimes. Those who want to watch the barong dance held every day have to watch it in the Batubulan area. For schedules, staging locations, and ticket prices for the Barong Ubud dance, you can see them in the table below.
Location Day / Time Ticket Price
Ubud Palace Wednesday & Friday - 19:30 IDR 100.000 / person
Padang Tegal Kaja "Trena Jenggala" Thursday & Sunday - 19:00 - 21:00. IDR 100.000 / person
Tamansari Temple Monday - 19.30 - 21.00 IDR 100.000 / person
Balerung Stage Peliatan Friday - 19.30 - 21.00 IDR 100.000 / person
Agung Rai Museum of Art

Austronesian People

Torajan People

Traditional Javanese Marriage Costume

Location And Ticket prizes
The Barong Ubud dance performance only occurs sometimes. Those who want to watch the barong dance held every day have to watch it in the Batubulan area. For schedules, staging locations, and ticket prices for the Barong Ubud dance, you can see them in the table below.
Location Day / Time Ticket Price
Ubud Palace Wednesday & Friday - 19:30 IDR 100.000 / person
Padang Tegal Kaja "Trena Jenggala" Thursday & Sunday - 19:00 - 21:00. IDR 100.000 / person
Tamansari Temple Monday - 19.30 - 21.00 IDR 100.000 / person
Balerung Stage Peliatan Friday - 19.30 - 21.00 IDR 100.000 / person
Agung Rai Museum of Art

IDR 100.000 / person

Movie
Virgins of Bali 1 hr 43 min

Eat Pray Love. 2hr 13 min Ubud and Padang Padang Beach

Eat Pray Love (2010) is a film that critics love to hate and Bali lovers have learned to live with. This adaptation of a novel of the same name was partly responsible for the once deluge of young women travellers to Bali tracing the footsteps of author 'Liz' Gilbert’s journey.
This included anything from riding a bicycle through rice fields north of Ubud in a tropical dress and broad-brimmed straw hat like actor Julia Roberts, swimming in the clear waves of Padang Padang Beach, to meeting up with real-life spiritual man (the late) Ketut Liyer in his Pengosekan village home.

Legong, Dance of virgins 1935 Ubud
This fine gem of a silent film was shot long before Indonesia declared Independence, meaning it shows Bali closest to its truest and exotic form. This includes, most prominently, an all-Balinese cast, living about their lives in the village and dance performances and music, albeit with a fictional script. It tells of a heartbreaking love triangle between a gamelan player and 2 Legong dancer sisters.
The rural settings against the tropical nature of old Ubud (we found it hard to pinpoint the specific filming location, however), complete with a depiction of the way of life back then and the old temple settings all evoke a sense of nostalgia. Directed by Henry de La Falaise during the height of the so-called ‘exploitation film’ era, Dance of the Virgins is among the last silent Hollywood films and known to be the last shot using the 2-colour Technicolor process. Little is known of the whereabouts of the original cast.

Baraka 1992 Various locations in Bali
A wonderful cinematic treat, Baraka (1992) has no narrative. It uses snippets shot all over the world over the course of 20 years in 70 mm Todd-AO format, and leaves the plot and connections up to you as the viewer. This visual poetry of a film takes you on a journey of long tracking shots, time-lapse sequences and unseen footages of some of the most less-explored places on the planet.
Directed by Ron Fricke, the film shows sweeping and sometimes haunting scenes, from Auschwitz to Tuol Sleng, hidden jungle tribes, and beautiful places in Bali such as the rice fields of Tabanan, Tampaksiring, Tegallalang, Uluwatu Temple, and a dramatic Kecak dance sequence against the Gunung Kawi Temple.

The Ring of Fire . Indonesian Odyssey 1972 Various locations of Bali
The Ring of Fire, an Indonesian Odyssey (1972) is a series of 4 documentary films that follow the decade-long journey of filmmaking brothers Lorne and Lawrence Blair, who set out to trace the journey of naturalist Sir Alfred Russel Wallace on a Bugis schooner, to hunt down the Bird of Paradise. The sail led them to the Komodo islands, Aru and New Guinea, the Celebes, and finally on Bali where they built a home up in Ubud (where in his own words, love for its garden that crawls with creatures).
Scenes included traditional boats on the coast of Sanur, rituals in southern Bali, Mount Agung and Besakih temple in Karangasem, and pretty much a wealth of natural and rural Bali. With financing from the BBC and Ringo Starr, the Blairs first set off from England in 1972 and documented the different ecologies and cultures of the Indonesian islands over the span of 2 decades.

The Fall 2006 Gunung Kawi Temple 2006
Directed by Tarsem Singh, The Fall (2006) stars Lee Pace in a compelling adventure fantasy film. Set in 1915, Pace as stuntman Roy Walker is hospitalized after a filming accident, when he meets a young girl recovering from a broken arm, and tells her a fantastical yarn that is visually depicted throughout the movie, with locations shot in exotic places around the world.
Bali locations included the Tegallalang rice terraces and the Gunung Kawi temple in Tampaksiring, and with a rendering of the Kecak dance performed in front of it. Perhaps, the best way to cinematically portray the unique dance is against such exotic backdrops.

Alex Cross 2012 Karangasem Bali

An action film based on the novel I, Alex Cross by James Patterson, this Rob Cohen-directed film (starring Tyler Perry as the titular character) was, unfortunately, a box office bomb. Nevertheless, Bali had its part in the movie, with the visually striking stony coast of Jasri village in Karangasem, East Bali as among its exotic filming locations, along with 35 local crew and 20 local extras as police.
The plot of Alex Cross is around a ‘wild goose chase’ between Detroit lieutenant Alex Cross and a ruthless fugitive who murdered his wife, led to a manhunt in Bali. Mercier, the criminal ringleader played by Jean Reno, is finally caught in a villa in Karangasem in the climax of the movie.

Goona Goona the Kriss 1932 unspecified location in bali
The film that gave way to the term, ‘goona-goona epic’, or simply another word for a native-culture exploitation film, this old piece by Andre Roosevelt and Armand Denis refers to the name of an aphrodisiacal magical love potion that is common amongst Indonesian cultures, including Bali, and serves as the premise of this melodrama. Also known as The Kriss, it entwines real footage with a plot around a love triangle between a Balinese prince, a commoner and a slave girl.
The film is best known for its portrayal of the island as a primitive utopia, along with narrative clichés like ‘an island guarding its excellent culture’, and ‘the last paradise’. Nevertheless, like any other Bali film showing real footage of life in the old days, Goona Goona is a great watch for a glimpse of the Bali of yesteryear – villagers going about their daily lives, an elaborate temple procession, a traditional market scene, and how noble Balinese gather and discuss matters.

Toute la Beauté' du monde 2009 Various location in Bali

Toute la Beauté du Monde is an emotional French film that tells of the awkward relationship between Franck and Tina. Franck loves Tina, but she can’t seem to love him back as she has just recently lost her lover who passed away. In a journey to heal, they see the world through a trip to Asia and eventually Bali – hence the title, which translates to "all the beauty of the world".
Franck somewhat becomes Tina’s travel guide and companion, and their journey takes us to see beautiful Bali backdrops: Kuta Beach without the crowds, Legian, Tanah Lot temple, Ubud, and a particular scooter riding scene through the flowing rice terraces of Jatiluwih and the rural Mount Batukaru countryside.

Endless summer II 1994 Variou location in Bali
In this follow-up to Bruce Brown’s 1966 surfing documentary, the filmmakers and surfer dudes, Robert 'Wingnut' Weaver and Patrick O'Connell return after almost 3 decades to surf the wonderful waves of exotic spots around the world, which includes Bali at some point around the last 3rd length of the film. Along the way, they meet up with the many locals, and great surf spots Bruce visited during the filming of the first film.
In the Bali part of their tour just before heading off to neighbouring Java, it’s not just about surfing and waves, as they interlace scenes with the gorgeous landscapes, rice paddies, culture and colourful ceremonies, gamelan music, rural village scenes, Tanah Lot Temple, Uluwatu Temple that overlooks one of the island’s best surf spots, Kuta Beach, and some crazy traffic scenes in Denpasar.

In contro the more 1970 various location in Bali

This Italian movie, directed by Ugo Liberatore and Paolo Heusch, was another box office bomb at its time of release, which owes much to its rather absurd plotline. There’s some Italian-movie style nudity, a bit of body horror with a murder scene at the beginning of the movie, and melodrama throughout wrapped up into this partly exotic travelogue film.
With the rather absurd story aside, there’s the beauty of Bali’s landmarks and nature backdrops to make up for it. 2 lovers walking dangerously through the waves at Tanah Lot (never attempt this!), throwing stones at the bats at Goa Lawah (please, don’t!), to the simple pleasures of riding a motorcycle along rice field roads without helmets (again, maybe just don’t). Its other working title is simply, 'Bali'.

Naming in Balinese Culture
All Balinese people are named one of just 4 names: Wayan, Made, Nyoman or Ketut. This is applies to both men and women. Here’s how it works:
Every Balinese child is simply named by his or her order of birth. The first born, boy or girl, is Wayan. The second born is Made (pronounced ma day). The third born is Nyoman. And the fourth born is Ketut. If a family has more than four children, the cycle repeats itself, and the next ‘Wayan’ may be called Wayan Balik, which loosely translates to ‘another Wayan’.
Women are given the honorific ‘Ni’ before their name, as in Ni Wayan. It’s much like ‘Miss’ or ‘Mrs’. Men use ‘I’, as in I Wayan, much like ‘Mr.’
A few versions of these 4 names do exist and are also used quite commonly. Some Balinese people have names that indicate their caste. (For more information about the caste system in Bali, keep following our blog)
The first born child could alternately be named Putu, the second child could be named Kadek or Nengah instead of Made. The third could be Komang (or Koming for girls) or even NgNga (a very rural name) instead of Nyoman. However, the 4th child (and multiples of 4th) is destined to be Ketut, and only Ketut. For girls however, there is another name for the first born; Luh (which makes it Ni Luh and usually called Iluh). A first born boy can be called Gede, which only applies for boys which makes it I Gede.
Balinese people also give their children a second or third Hindu name that has a positive meaning. Examples include Suardika, which means ‘guiding light’, Setiawan (faithful), or Dewi (goddess). Sometimes Balinese people use this Hindu name or shorten it to create a nickname. For example, Budi might be short for Budiasa, Widi could be a shortening of Widiarta, and Nuri might be short for Nuriasih.
To make it even more confusing, almost every Balinese has another nickname, given by their friends in school or in the village. For example, a guy that is called I Made Budiasa can have the nickname of Lompok. Or a girl that is called Ni Wayan Wardani can have the nick name of Desi.
Now it also happens that one person has different names called by different people. For example our local coordinator Komang. Her full name is Ni Komang Sukaningsih. By some people she is called Komang and by others Ayu.
We know this all sounds very confusing. However, experience tells us that there are hardly any misunderstandings about it under the Balinese. Sometimes people will say “You can ask Made”. If the person is not sure which Made they mean, they could ask; “Do you mean Made Budi? Or Made Guru (teacher)? Or Made Peliatan (village)” We have to be a bit creative with it and don’t feel ashamed if you get the names or persons mixed up
To summarize it:
First born Second born Third born Fourth born
Wayan Made Nyoman Ketut
Putu Kadek Komang
Luh (girl) Nengah Koming (girl)
Gede (boy) NgNga (very rural, hardly used)

Indonesian Language
Hello OM SWASTYASTU ओम स्वस्तियास्तु
Thanks SUKSMA सूक्ष्मl
Help TOLONG (Bahasa) तो लोंग
Good Bye SELAMAT TINGGAL सलामत टिंगल
Good Morning SELAMAT PAGI सलामत पागि
Good Evening SELAMAT MALAM सलामत मlलम”

Individuals looking to apply for an Indonesian visa are expected to provide certain supporting documents with their application. Listed below are the generic documents which are needed in order to process an Indonesian visa application.

Valid passport - An applicant should have a valid passport in order to apply for a visa. The passport should be valid for a minimum of 6 months after the intended duration of stay. It should also have sufficient blank pages for the stamp. Individuals should ensure that their passport is not forged, for this can lead to legal action.

Return journey details - Individuals should have proof which highlights their return journey. This could either be a return flight ticket or a ticket to a destination outside Indonesia.

Funds - In certain cases an individual could be asked to provide proof of funds. This is done to ensure that the person has sufficient money to sponsor his/her stay in the country.

Photograph - An applicant should provide a recent photograph which matches the requirements of Indonesian authorities.

In addition to the aforementioned documents, officers/officials could ask for any other document as they deem necessary.

Phrase Meaning
Hai! नमस्ते!
Selamat pagi! सुबह बख़ैर!
Selamat siang! नमस्कार!
Selamat malam! सुसंध्या!
Halo temanku! नमस्ते मेरे दोस्त!
Apa kabar? आप कैसे हैं?
Saya baik-baik saja terima kasih! मैं ठीक हूं धन्यवाद!
saya merindukanmu मुझे तुम्हारी बहुत याद आई
Terima kasih banyak)! आपका बहुत बहुत धन्यवाद)!
Terima kasih kembali! आपका स्वागत है!
Masuk! अन्दर आइए!
Semoga harimu menyenangkan! आपका दिन शुभ हो!
Phrase Meaning
Selamat tinggal! अलविदा!
Selamat ulang tahun! जन्मदिन मुबारक!
Siapa namamu? तुम्हारा नाम क्या है?
Kamu tinggal di mana? तुम कहाँ रहते हो?
Boleh aku meminta nomor teleponmu? क्या मुझे आपका फोन नम्बर मिल सकता है?
aku mencintaimu मैं तुमसे प्यार करता हूँ
Anda sangat istimewa! तुम बहुत खास हो!
Saya tidak mengerti! मुझे समझ नहीं आ रहा है!
Bisakah kamu membantuku? क्या आप मेरी मदद कर सकते हैं?
Panggil ambulans! एम्बुलेंस को बुलाओ!
Panggil dokter! चिकित्षक को बुलाओ!
Panggil polisi! पुलिस को बुलाओ!
Budaya dan orang-orangnya sangat menarik संस्कृति और लोग बहुत दिलचस्प थे
Time Difference India and Indonesia
Jakarta, Indonesia is 1 hour and 30 minutes ahead of India
7:10 pm Saturday, in India is
8:40 pm Saturday, in Jakarta, Indonesia
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Includes	Supreme Water Temple Pura Ulun Danu Batur Lake Batur Subak Landscape of Pekerisan Watershed Subak Landscape of Catur Angga Batukaru Royal Water Temple Pura Taman Ayun

First born	Second born	Third born	Fourth born
Wayan	Made	Nyoman	Ketut
Putu	Kadek	Komang
Luh (girl)	Nengah	Koming (girl)
Gede (boy)		NgNga (very rural, hardly used)

Phrase	Meaning
Hai!	नमस्ते!
Selamat pagi!	सुबह बख़ैर!
Selamat siang!	नमस्कार!
Selamat malam!	सुसंध्या!
Halo temanku!	नमस्ते मेरे दोस्त!
Apa kabar?	आप कैसे हैं?
Saya baik-baik saja terima kasih!	मैं ठीक हूं धन्यवाद!
saya merindukanmu	मुझे तुम्हारी बहुत याद आई
Terima kasih banyak)!	आपका बहुत बहुत धन्यवाद)!
Terima kasih kembali!	आपका स्वागत है!
Masuk!	अन्दर आइए!
Semoga harimu menyenangkan!	आपका दिन शुभ हो!

Phrase	Meaning
Selamat tinggal!	अलविदा!
Selamat ulang tahun!	जन्मदिन मुबारक!
Siapa namamu?	तुम्हारा नाम क्या है?
Kamu tinggal di mana?	तुम कहाँ रहते हो?
Boleh aku meminta nomor teleponmu?	क्या मुझे आपका फोन नम्बर मिल सकता है?
aku mencintaimu	मैं तुमसे प्यार करता हूँ
Anda sangat istimewa!	तुम बहुत खास हो!
Saya tidak mengerti!	मुझे समझ नहीं आ रहा है!
Bisakah kamu membantuku?	क्या आप मेरी मदद कर सकते हैं?
Panggil ambulans!	एम्बुलेंस को बुलाओ!
Panggil dokter!	चिकित्षक को बुलाओ!
Panggil polisi!	पुलिस को बुलाओ!
Budaya dan orang-orangnya sangat menarik	संस्कृति और लोग बहुत दिलचस्प थे

Bali

Bali

Independence from the Dutch

Day 1/ 12 June

Day 02 / 13 JUNE :

Kelingking Beach (Down on the actual beach)

Kelingking Beach Sunset Cliff Viewpoint

Toya Pakeh Ferry Nusa Penida

Devdan Show at Bali Nusa Dua Theatre

Bali Zoo

Breeding

Kamasan Collection

Pre War Collection

Outside Bali Collection

Day 3 / 14 JUNE :

Day 04/ 15 JUNE :

Day 05/ 16 th JUNE :

On 20 September 2012 UNESCO made Mount Batur Caldera a part of the Global Geopark Network.

PAINTING and WOOD CARVING at MAS villageTegenungan Waterfall

Day 6 17 JUNE :

Pura Goa Lawah

Evolutionary Origin of Bats

Wings and Flight

Garuda Plaza Jimbaran

Wayang the flat leather shadow puppet (Wayang kulit)

Wayang klitik

Wayang beber

Wayang wong

Wayang topeng

Wayang purwa

Wayang Menak

Wayang Kancil

Other stories

Museum WayongThe front view of the Wayang Museum seen from Fatahillah Square (Indonesian) : Taman Fatahillah)Wayang Museum

Sweet snacks

Sweet snacks

Rice cooked in coconut milk with side dishes

Warung (Food Stands)

Glutinous Rice or Sticky Rice

Bali Hindu wedding traditional dress

Central Bali All-You-Can-See Tour: Waterfall, Elephant Cave, Tirta Empul, Tegalalang Rice Terrace & Sacred Monkey Forest

Macaque with soda can

In scientific research

Tips

IDR 100.000 / person

Documents Required for Indonesian Visa

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